Mobile Launcher

In the military, vehicles such as trucks or tractor units can be used to transport or launch missiles (rockets with warheads), essentially a form of rocket artillery.

History

The missile vehicle may be a self-propelled unit or the missile holder/launcher may be on a trailer towed by a prime mover. They are used in the military forces of a number of countries in the world. Long missiles are commonly transported parallel to the ground on these vehicles, but elevated into an inclined or vertical position for launching. Missile vehicles include transporter erector launchers (TEL) and multiple rocket launchers (MRL) such as the Patriot missile system. Single or dual missile vehicles often transport their missiles uncovered. The missile batteries of multiple rocket launchers often hold their missiles inside tubular or rectangular canisters for each missile, from which the missiles or rockets can be launched (or fired, in other words). Many missile trucks use pneumatic (air-filled) tires, although they may be large and specialized for offroad travel. However, some missile vehicles use tractor crawler drive similar to that of a tank.

The Katyusha rocket launcher was an early launcher mostly mounted on missile trucks used by the Soviet Union during World War II. In turn, the US produced in World War II the T34 Calliope missile-launching vehicle in limited quantities by attaching a multiple-missile battery atop an M4 Sherman tank.

Among the largest missile vehicles are the multi-wheeled (tires) 8-axle MZKT-79221 carrying vehicles for Topol-M ICBMs as the Russian army's longest trucks. As of December 2008, there are six such road-mobile missile systems.
Another Russian example is the truck for the Pechora-2M Surface-to-Air Anti-aircraft missile system, which can transport and launch two missiles,
and also used by some other countries.

American examples of single-missile launcher trucks include M39 Series Trucks, M289 and M896 Honest John Missile Launcher Trucks.

In these trucks after transporting the missile, the missile-launching mechanism with the missile on it is pivoted upwards to put it into position for launching.

Some trucks carry a battery containing four US Harpoon or Patriot missiles for launching.

These multiple missile batteries are also pivoted upwards for launching and the launcher in some cases can be rotated around on the chassis (or platform) of the truck. To prepare for launching operations, outriggers are extended from the truck and placed on the ground to stabilize the truck from a recoil reaction during a missile launch.

The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, used in the USA and several other countries, uses a tractor crawler drive instead of conventional pneumatic tires. An example of a single-missile vehicle with a tractor crawler drive is the French Pluton missile launcher, based on the AMX-30 tank. The 2K11 Krug is a Soviet/Russian two-missile transporter erector launcher with a tractor crawler drive. The Russians also have rather extensive S-300 missile systems on various vehicles. Other examples of Soviet MRLs include the BM-21 Grad, BM-27 Uragan, and BM-30 Smerch, which use pneumatic tires and tubular missile canisters and are also used by various other countries. A Soviet-produced 9K52 Luna-M missile system uses a 9P113 single-missile TEL with pneumatic tires to transport an uncovered Soviet 9M21 missile.

American missile vehicles include the M1134 Anti-Tank Guided Missile Vehicle from the Stryker family of military vehicles (with pneumatic tires and smaller BGM-71 TOW missiles), MIM-72 Chaparral (with tractor crawler drive and four exposed missiles), and AN/TWQ-1 Avenger (with pneumatic tires and anti-aircraft missile canisters) systems. The Long Range Surveillance and Attack Vehicle produced by Lockheed Martin for the USA is an armored vehicle with four large pneumatic tires on each side (left and right) and is able to fire missiles from its rotatable turret on top of the vehicle.

The initially Soviet then Russian family of S-300 missile systems has been upgraded by the Russian military to the current S-400 Triumf missiles and their carrier vehicles and put into service starting in 2007. The launch tubes with their S-400 missiles inside are transported horizontally (see photo in gallery below), and the battery of launch tubes with missiles are moved into a vertical position for launching with the launch tube bottoms on the ground (see photo of S-400 battery in vertical launch position in gallery below).

In the former Soviet Union and now in Russia, missile trucks with their missiles on display drove through in Victory Day Parades in Red Square, Moscow each May.Victory Parade in the World War II - 2008 (Russia, Moscow, Red Square)
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Gallery of missile vehicle photos

File:MAZ-537 missile transporter.JPG, Missile transport truck MAZ-537 with a special missile container at the Strategic Missile Forces Museum in Ukraine
File:Katyusha launcher rear.jpg, Soviet Katyusha rocket launcher on truck used in World War II
File:T-34-rocket-launcher-France.jpg, American T34 Calliope, a multiple-rocket launcher installed atop a tank, used in World War II
File:SA-3 EP 2006.JPG, Peruvian missile truck for dual S-125 Pechora missiles
File:MGR-1 Honest John rocket.jpg, M289 Honest John Missile Launcher Truck
File:RDN mobile misbat.jpg, Danish mobile missile battery for holding four Harpoon missiles
File:MLRS 05.jpg, The M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System uses a tractor crawler drive.
File:Pluton 034.jpg, Pluton missile launcher, based on the AMX-30 tank
File:Sa-4.jpg, 2K11 Krug two-missile TEL
File:MoscowParade2009 7.jpg, S-300 missile vehicle
File:1372 bm 21 grad.JPG, BM-21 Grad multiple rocket launcher
File:9P140 Uragan.jpg, BM-27 Uragan multiple rocket launcher
File:BM-30 Smerch MLRS.jpg, BM-30 Smerch multiple rocket launcher
File:Luna m frog 7 hameenlinna 1.jpg, 9K52 Luna-M missile system
File:Flickr - The U.S. Army - TOW missile fire.jpg, M1134 Anti-Tank Guided Missile Vehicle fires a BGM-71 TOW missile.
File:MIM-72 Chaparral 07.jpg, MIM-72 Chaparral with four uncovered missiles and a tractor crawler drive
File:Avenger missile.jpg, AN/TWQ-1 Avenger Air Defense System
File:KrAZ trucks with S-200 missiles, Independence Day parade in Kiev 2008.JPG, KrAZ trucks with S-200 missiles in Ukraine
File:SA-2 Guideline towed by a ZIL-131 truck.JPEG, S-75 Dvina missile on a ZIL-131 truck of the East German Army
File:SCUD 2.JPG, MAZ-7310 with Scud missile of the Afghan National Army
File:Agni-II missile (Republic Day Parade 2004).jpeg, Agni-II missile system of the Indian army
File:JGSDF Type88 SSM-02.jpg, A Type 88 Surface-to-Ship Missile truck of the JGSDF carrying ground-based Type 80 SSM missiles in transport position
File:Scud-launcher-England1.jpg, Scud missile transporter erector launcher with missile in vertical position
File:ADATS_2008.JPG, Canadian Armed Forces M113 APC with Air Defense Anti-Tank System (ADATS)
File:С-400 «Триумф».JPG, Russian S-400 Triumf launch vehicle with missiles in horizontal position
File:Обеспечение безопасности группировки ВКС РФ в Сирии (2).jpg, Russian S-400 Triumf missiles in vertical position on ground
File:LARS2 Abschuss.jpg, West German Light Artillery Rocket System

References

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Rockets and missiles
Rocket artillery
Self-propelled rocket launchers