Mictlāntēcutli

Mictlāntēcutli () or Mictlantecuhtli (, meaning "Lord of Mictlan"), in Aztec mythology, is a god of the dead and the king of Mictlan (Chicunauhmictlan), the lowest and northernmost section of the underworld. He is one of the principal gods of the Aztecs and is the most prominent of several gods and goddesses of death and the underworld. The worship of Mictlantecuhtli sometimes involved ritual cannibalism, with human flesh being consumed in and around the temple. Other names given to Mictlantecuhtli include Ixpuztec (“Broken Face”), Nextepehua (“Scatterer of Ashes”), and Tzontemoc (“He Who Lowers His Head”).

Two life-size clay statues of Mictlantecuhtli were found marking the entrances to the House of Eagles to the north of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan.

Attributes

Mictlantecuhtli was considered tall and was depicted as a blood-spattered skeleton or a person wearing a toothy skull.Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.113. Although his head was typically a skull, his eye sockets did contain eyeballs.Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.206. His headdress was shown decorated with owl feathers and paper banners and he wore a necklace of human eyeballs, while his earspools were made from human bones.Fernández 1992, 1996, p.142.

He was not the only Aztec god to be depicted in this fashion, as numerous other deities had skulls for heads or else wore clothing or decorations that incorporated bones and skulls. In the Aztec world, skeletal imagery was a symbol of fertility, health and abundance, alluding to the close symbolic links between life and death. He was often depicted wearing sandals as a symbol of his high rank as Lord of Mictlan.Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.434. His arms were frequently depicted raised in an aggressive gesture, showing that he was ready to tear apart the dead as they entered his presence. In the Aztec codices, Mictlantecuhtli is often depicted with his skeletal jaw open to receive the stars that descend into him during the daytime.

His wife was Mictecacihuatl, and together they were said to dwell in a windowless house in Mictlan. Mictlantecuhtli was associated with spiders, owls, bats, the 11th hour, and the northern compass direction, known as Mictlampa, the region of death. He was one of only a few deities held to govern over all three types of souls identified by the Aztecs, who distinguished between the souls of people who died normal deaths (of old age, disease, etc.), heroic deaths (e.g. in battle, sacrifice or during childbirth), or non-heroic deaths. Mictlantecuhtli and his wife were the opposites and complements of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the givers of life.Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.458.

Mictlanteculhtli was the god of the day sign ''Itzcuintli'' (dog), one of the 20 such signs recognised in the Aztec calendar, and was regarded as supplying the souls of those who were born on that day. He was seen as the source of souls for those born on the sixth day of the 13-day week and was the fifth of the nine Night Gods of the Aztecs. He was also the secondary Week God for the 10th week of the 20-week cycle of the calendar, joining the sun god Tonatiuh to symbolise the dichotomy of light and darkness.

In the Colonial Codex Vaticanus 3738, Mictlantecuhtli is labelled in Spanish as "the lord of the underworld, Tzitzimitl, the same as Lucifer".

Myths

In Aztec mythology, after Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca created the world, they put their creation in order and placed Mictlantecuhtli and his wife, Mictecacihuatl, in the underworld.

According to Aztec legend, the twin gods Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl were sent by the other gods to steal the bones of the previous generation of gods from Mictlantecuhtli. The god of the underworld sought to block Quetzalcoatl's escape with the bones and, although he failed, he forced Quetzalcoatl to drop the bones, which were scattered and broken by the fall. The shattered bones were collected by Quetzalcoatl and carried back to the land of the living, where the gods transformed them into the various races of mortals.

When a person died, they were interred with grave goods, which they carried with them on the long and dangerous journey to the underworld. Upon arrival in Mictlan these goods were offered to Mictlantecuhtli and his wife.

In another myth, the shrewd god of death agrees to give the bones to Quetzalcóatl if he can completely finish what would appear to be a simple test. The god informs Quetzalcóatl that he has to travel through his kingdom four times, while a shell sounds out like a trumpet. However, in place of giving Quetzalcóatl the shell from Mictlantecuhtl he gives him a normal shell, without holes in it. In order to not be mocked, Quetzalcóatl beckons the worms to come out and perforate the shell, thus creating holes. He then calls the bees to enter the shell and to make it sound out like a trumpet. (As an emblem of his power over wind and life, Quetzalcóatl is commonly depicted wearing a cut shell over his chest, this shell represents the same shell that Ehécatl, the god of the wind, wears).

Whilst listening to the roar of the trumpet, Mictlantecuhtl, at first, decides to allow Quetzalcóatl to take all of the bones from the last creation, but then quickly changes his mind. Nevertheless, Quetzalcóatl is more astute than Mictlantecuhtl and his minions and escapes with the bones. Mictlantecuhtli, now very angry, orders his followers to create a very deep pit. While Quetzalcóatl is running away with the bones he is startled by a quail, which causes him to fall into the pit. He falls into the pit and dies (or so it would appear), and is subsequently tormented by the animal (the quail), and the bones he is carrying are scattered. The quail then begins to gnaw on the bones.

Despite the fall Quetzalcóatl is eventually revived and gathers all of the broken bones. It is for this reason that people today come in all different sizes. Once he has escaped from the underworld, Quetzalcóatl carries the precious cargo to Tamoanchan, a place of miraculous origin.

In popular culture

* Mictlantecuhtli is the name of a giant bat-like demon in the ''Bayonetta'' video game series.
* Mictlantecuhtli appears in the 2018 animated web series '' Constantine: City of Demons''.
* Mictlantecuhtli is the main villain of ''Onyx Equinox'', where he mass kills human cities, stealing the blood sacrifices from other gods and prompting them to send a champion to close the gates of the underworld.
* Mictlantecuhtli appears in the 2010 book Servant of the Underworld by Aliette de Bodard.
* Mictlantecuhtli is the name of a black-thrash metal band from Los Angeles, California.
* The entrance to the Ark of the Watcher in ''Payday 2'' is behind a painting of Mictlantecuhtli.
* Mictlantecuhtli appears as the combined warrior form of the gods of Mictlān, Mic and Hun, in ''Victor and Valentino''.
* Mictlantecuhtli (as "Lord Mictlan," the God of War) is the main antagonist in ''Maya and the Three'', voiced by Alfred Molina.
* Mictlantecuhtli appears in the 1983 book The Pariah by Graham Masterton
* Rogue Brewery uses an altered version of Mictlantecuhtli (depicted holding a beer stein) as the label of their Dead Guy Ale.

See also

* Maya death gods
* Santa Muerte
* Tzitzimitl

Notes

References

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*Luján, Leonardo López, and Scott Sessions. "Death Deities." In Carrasco David (ed). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures. : Oxford University Press, 2001
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Leeming, David Adams (2005).''The Oxford companion to world mythology''. New York: Oxford U Press. Print.
Austin, Alfredo López, Guilhem Olivier, and Russ Davidson (2015).''The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, and History in the Nahua World''. Boulder: U Press of Colorado. Print.

External links

{{Aztec mythology

Aztec gods
Death gods
Underworld gods
Cannibalism in North America