:: Max Raphael (August 27, 1889 – July 14, 1952) was a German-American art historian. He was of Jewish parentage. He was born on August 27, 1889, in Schönlanke,

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

. Between 1924 and 1932 he taught art history to the working class at the ''Volkhochschule'' in Berlin. With the rise of the Nazis he moved to Paris, where he continued his writing. After the Germans occupied Paris in 1940 he was temporarily interned at Gurs internment camp and

Camp des Milles The Camp des Milles was a French internment camp, opened in September 1939, in a former tile factory near the village of Les Milles, part of the commune of Aix-en-Provence ( Bouches-du-Rhône).Guénaël LemoueeCamp des Milles : la mémoire de ...

. Once released he migrated, with help from the Quakers, to the United States through Barcelona and Lisbon. In New York Raphael lived in penury until he received one of the first fellowships awarded by the

Bollingen Foundation The Bollingen Foundation was an educational foundation set up along the lines of a university press in 1945. It was named after Bollingen Tower, Carl Jung's country home in Bollingen, Switzerland. Funding was provided by Paul Mellon and his wife ...

. He died by suicide in New York City on July 14, 1952.

Works

*''Zur Erkenntnistheorie der konkreten Dialektik'', 1934, French translation published by Galimard as ''Théorie marxiste de la connaissance''. *''Prehistoric Cave Paintings'', New York, Pantheon, 1945, Bollingen Series, no. 4. *''Prehistoric Pottery and Civilization in Egypt'', New York, Pantheon, 1947, Bollingen Series, no. 8. *''The Demands of Art'', Princeton University Press, 1968 (posthumous), Bollingen Series, no. 78.

References

*. *McGuire, William, ''Bollingen: An Adventure in Collecting the Past'', Princeton University Press, 1982, pp. 87–88. * Read, Herbert, Introduction to Raphael's ''The Demands of Art'', Princeton University Press, 1968.

External links

The Max Raphael Project
* Max Raphael Papers, The Getty Research Institute {{DEFAULTSORT:Raphael, Max 1889 births 1952 suicides German art historians Suicides in New York City German male non-fiction writers Gurs internment camp survivors German emigrants to the United States