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María Rostworowski Tovar de Diez Canseco (8 August 1915 – 6 March 2016) was a Peruvian historian known for her extensive and detailed publications on Peruvian Ancient Cultures and the
Inca Empire The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
.


Biography

Rostworowski was born in the Barranco district of
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
, Peru. Her father was Jan Jacek Rostworowski, a Polish aristocrat, and her mother, Rita Tovar del Valle, was from Puno. Her grandfather, Agustín Tovar Aguilar, was president of the Senate and her uncle, Karol Hubert Rostworowski, was a playwright. She studied at various boarding schools in Poland, Belgium, France and England, where she learned French, English, and Polish. She was a student of the
Peruvian Peruvians (''/peruanas'') are the citizens of Peru. What is now Peru has been inhabited for several millennia by cultures such as the Caral before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Peruvian population decreased from an estimated 5–9 ...
historian Raúl Porras Barrenechea at the
National University of San Marcos The National University of San Marcos (, UNMSM) is a public university, public research university located in Lima, the capital of Peru. In the Americas, it is the first officially established (Privilege (legal ethics), privilege by Charles V, ...
."María de los Andes"
interview by Nelson Manrique, at ''Cyberayllu'', 1988. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
She participated in the Popular Action political party, a
Peruvian Peruvians (''/peruanas'') are the citizens of Peru. What is now Peru has been inhabited for several millennia by cultures such as the Caral before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Peruvian population decreased from an estimated 5–9 ...
political party, during the party's inception. Rostworowski married her distant cousin, Count Zygmunt Broel-Plater, a member of the
Polish nobility The ''szlachta'' (; ; ) were the nobility, noble estate of the realm in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Depending on the definition, they were either a warrior "caste" or a social ...
. His father was Count Edward Cezar Marian Broel-Plater and his mother was Countess Janina Tyszkiewicz-Łohojska. Rostworowski and Count Broel-Plater had one daughter, Cristina Broel-Plater Rostworowski, but later the couple divorced. She later remarried the businessman Alejandro Diez-Canseco Coronel-Zegarra, who was the son of Manuel Diez-Canseco, and relative of the Counts of Alastaya. Diez-Canseco, who would later become the General Departmental Secretary of the Popular Action political party, played a great role in fostering Rostworowski's historical interests. After the sudden death of her husband in March 1961, she moved to the leper colony of San Pablo, directed by the German Maxime Kuczynski-Godard, to work as a
missionary A missionary is a member of a Religious denomination, religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.Thoma ...
. It took her one day to navigate through the Amazon River to arrive in the leper colony. The first government of Fernando Belaúnde Terry designated her as cultural assistant in the Peruvian embassy in Spain. Rostworowski was a student of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. At the university, two of her teachers were Raúl Porras Barrenechea, who introduced her to
historiographical Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. By extension, the term ":wikt:historiography, historiography" is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiog ...
proceedings and to the analysis of historical sources, and the North American
anthropologist An anthropologist is a scientist engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropologists study aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms, values ...
John Murra, who motivated her to begin studying ethnic history. She also had contact with other professors, such as Julio C. Tello, Luis Valcárcel, and Luis Jaime Cisneros during her time at the university. Associated with the Institute of Peruvian Studies from its beginning, María Rostworowski edited numerous publications under the Institute's auspices. One of the publications that she edited is called ''Historia del Tahuantinsuyo'', the highest-selling
social science Social science (often rendered in the plural as the social sciences) is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among members within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the ...
journal in all of Peruvian history. Rostworowski's contributions to
historiography Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline. By extension, the term ":wikt:historiography, historiography" is any body of historical work on a particular subject. The historiog ...
, especially Peruvian history, are numerous. In her first book, ''Pachacútec inca Yupanqui'' (1953), she highlights the importance of the
Inca The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
government to the construction of the Tahuantinsuyo. She also made important and acclaimed investigations into the field of precolumbian societies on the Peruvian coast, a topic which had not been widely studied until then. Other works of hers come from diverse historical topics, ranging from historical
gender studies Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. The field n ...
(''La mujer en la época prehispánica'', 1986) to precolumbian
cult Cults are social groups which have unusual, and often extreme, religious, spiritual, or philosophical beliefs and rituals. Extreme devotion to a particular person, object, or goal is another characteristic often ascribed to cults. The term ...
s and their eventual
Christianization Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity. Christianization has, for the most part, spread through missions by individu ...
(''Pachacamac y el Señor de los Milagros: una trayectoria milenaria,'' 1992). In 1979 she became a member of the National Academy of History (Academia Nacional de Historia), and she later became the vice president. Additionally, she was a member of the Royal Spanish Academy of History (Real Academia de la Historia) and the National Argentine Academy of History (Academia Nacional de la Historia). She belonged to the Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute in
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
and to the Institute of Andean Studies in Berkeley, California. The Geographical Society of Lima accepted her as an honorary member. She presided over the Peruvian Association of Ethnic History (Asociación Peruana de Etnohistoria), which was founded in
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
in 1979 by Fernando Silva Santisteban. In order to continue her research projects, she received the support of the Wenner-Gren foundation, Ford, the Guggenheim foundation,
Volkswagen Volkswagen (VW; )English: , . is a German automotive industry, automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. Established in 1937 by German Labour Front, The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it ...
, Fomciencias, and Concytec. She was also the director of the National History Museum (Museo Nacional de Historia) from 1975 to 1980. In 1969, she worked for the newspaper ''Correo,'' which at that time was directed by Roberto Ramírez del Villar. From 1973 to 1974, she worked as a researcher in the
Peruvian Peruvians (''/peruanas'') are the citizens of Peru. What is now Peru has been inhabited for several millennia by cultures such as the Caral before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Peruvian population decreased from an estimated 5–9 ...
Culture Museum (Museo de la Cultura Peruana). In 1983, she wrote what she considered her most important work: ''Estructuras andinas del poder: ideología religiosa y política.'' Rostworowski served as vice-president of The National Academy of History (Academia Nacional de Historia), as director of National Museum of History from 1975 to 1980, and was a principal resident scholar at the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP) in
Lima Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
."Silencio, la maestra ha muerto: María Rostworowski nos dejó"
lamula.pe, 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
She turned 100 in August 2015.


Death

María Rostworowski died on Sunday 6 March 2016, aged 100, between 3:30 and 3:38 in the afternoon.


Books

* ''Pachacutec inca Yupanqui'' (1953) * ''Curacas y sucesiones: costa norte'' (1961) * ''Los ascendientes de Pumacahua'' (1963) * ''Etnia y sociedad: costa peruana prehispánica'' (1977 y 1989) * ''Señoríos indígenas de Lima y Canta'' (1978) * ''Recursos naturales renovables y pesca: siglos XVI y XVII'' (1981) * ''Estructuras andinas del poder: ideología religiosa y política'' (1983) * ''La mujer en la época prehispánica'' (1986) * ''Entre el mito y la historia: psicoanálisis y pasado andino, con Max Hernández, Moisés Lemlij, Luis Millones y Alberto Péndola'' (1987) * ''Conflicts over Coca Fields in XVI century Perú'' (1988) * ''Historia del Tahuantinsuyu'' (first edition: 1988)...
2001 The year's most prominent event was the September 11 attacks against the United States by al-Qaeda, which Casualties of the September 11 attacks, killed 2,977 people and instigated the global war on terror. The United States led a Participan ...
* ''Doña Francisca Pizarro: una ilustre mestiza'' (1534–1598) (1989) * ''Pachacámac y el Señor de los Milagros: una trayectoria milenaria'' (1992) * ''Las visitas a Cajamarca''. 1571-72/1578. * ''Documentos'' (1992, 2 volumes, with Pilar Remy) * ''Ensayos de historia andina'' (1993 y 1998) * ''La mujer en el Perú prehispánico'' (1995) * ''Kon, el dios volador y el pequeño Naycashca'', with illustrations by Claudine Gaime (1995) * ''La muerte del sol y otros cuentos del Antiguo Perú'' (1996) * ''El origen de los hombres y otros cuentos del Antiguo Perú'' (1996) * ''María Fernanda Alvarado Ágreda'' (1996) * ''Pachacútec y la leyenda de los chancas'' (1997) * ''El señorío de Pachacámac'' (1999) * ''Historia de los Incas'' (Lima: Editorial Bruño, 1999) * ''Los Incas'' (Lima: Fundación Telefónica, 2000) (in CD-ROM). * ''Incas Enciclopedia temática del Perú''. El Comercio edition, Lima (2004) of the collection; of the book; 120 thousand copies * ''Obras completas'' (2005)


See also

* List of centenarians (educators, school administrators, social scientists and linguists) *
List of Poles This is a partial list of notable Polish people, Polish or Polish language, Polish-speaking or -writing people. People of partial Polish heritage have their respective ancestries credited. Physics *Miedziak Antal * Czesław Białobrzesk ...
* List of Peruvians


References


External links

*
La Mujer en el Perů prehispánico
', Lima: IEP (1995) *
La Mujer en la epoca prehispánica
', Lima: IEP (1988) {{DEFAULTSORT:Rostworowski, Maria 1915 births 2016 deaths Scholars of the Incan civilization Writers from Lima 20th-century Peruvian historians Peruvian women historians Peruvian people of Polish descent Peruvian people of Spanish descent Peruvian people of Mestizo descent Historians of Peru Peruvian women centenarians Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru Maria Diez Canseco family