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Carl Aldo Marzani (4 March 1912 – 11 December 1994) was an Italian-born American political activist with a series of careers as a volunteer soldier in the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
, organizer for the
Communist Party USA The Communist Party USA (CPUSA), officially the Communist Party of the United States of America, also referred to as the American Communist Party mainly during the 20th century, is a communist party in the United States. It was established ...
(CPUSA), United States intelligence official, documentary filmmaker with an
Academy Award The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic and technical merit in film. They are presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in the United States in recognition of excellence ...
nomination, author, and publisher. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
he served in the federal intelligence agency, the
Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the first intelligence agency of the United States, formed during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines ...
(OSS), and later the
U.S. Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs o ...
. He picked the targets for the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, which took place on April 18, 1942. Marzani served nearly three years in prison for having concealed his former CPUSA membership when joining the US war effort in 1942.


Background

Carl Aldo Marzani was born on March 4, 1912, in Rome, Italy. The family immigrated to the United States in 1924 and settled in
Scranton, Pennsylvania Scranton is a city in and the county seat of Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. With a population of 76,328 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, Scranton is the most populous city in Northeastern Pennsylvania and the ...
. Carl entered the first grade at the age of twelve, not knowing English. He graduated from high school in 1931 with a scholarship to
Williams College Williams College is a Private college, private liberal arts colleges in the United States, liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States. It was established as a men's college in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim ...
. There, Marzani became a socialist and joined the
League for Industrial Democracy The League for Industrial Democracy (LID) was founded as a successor to the Intercollegiate Socialist Society in 1921. Members decided to change its name to reflect a more inclusive and more organizational perspective. Background Intercollegiate ...
. He began writing and became the editor of the school's literary magazine. In 1935, he graduated summa cum laude from Williams College with a BA in English. Marzani thereupon moved to New York. In 1936 he received a Moody fellowship to
Oxford University The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the second-oldest continuously operating u ...
.


Career

When the
Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing p ...
broke out, Marzani left Oxford to participate as a volunteer in the
Spanish Republican Army The Spanish Republican Army () was the main branch of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, Armed Forces of the Second Spanish Republic between 1931 and 1939. It became known as People's Army of the Republic (''Ejército Popular de la República'' ...
. He served with the
Durruti Column The Durruti Column (Spanish: ''Columna Durruti''), with about 6,000 people, was the largest anarchist column (or military unit) formed during the Spanish Civil War. During the first months of the war, it became the most recognized and popular mil ...
, a unit of the anarchist wing of the Republican forces, during late 1936 and early 1937. His advocacy of military discipline raised suspicion that he was a communist, and thereby an adversary of the anarchists in the Republican struggle. Slated for execution as a communist threat to the anarchist unit, he left for Barcelona. In Spain, Marzani was impressed by what he had seen of the communists, but not by the anarchists. In 1937 Marzani returned to Oxford and married Edith Eisner (
stage name A stage name or professional name is a pseudonym used by performers, authors, and entertainers—such as actors, comedians, singers, and musicians. The equivalent concept among writers is called a ''nom de plume'' (pen name). Some performers ...
Edith Emerson). Then
Abraham Lazarus Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967) was a leading British Communist activist, charity worker, and anti-fascist, most famous for leading numerous high profile factory strikes in London and Oxford, and for organising communists and Jews to resist the ...
brought him into the
Communist Party of Great Britain The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist organisation in Britain and was founded in 1920 through a merger of several smaller Marxist groups. Many miners joined the CPGB in the 1926 general strike. In 1930, the CPGB ...
(CPGB), which Eisner joined with him. Marzani became CPGB's treasurer of the South Midlands district. Returning to university studies, he received a BA in Modern Greats, (Philosophy, Politics, Economics) from Oxford in June 1938. That summer, Marzani and his wife hitch-hiked around the world, visiting India, Indochina, China, Japan, and Europe. Through Communist Party contacts, they were able to meet
Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian anti-colonial nationalist, secular humanist, social democrat, and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was a pr ...
and other radical figures. Marzani later wrote that the immediate effect of his conversation with Nehru "was to broaden my horizons, show me the relationship between the industrial revolution and colonialism, revise my understanding of both, and give me a solid grounding in the economics of imperialism." After their world tour, the Marzanis returned to the United States, and went on relief, the
New Deal The New Deal was a series of wide-reaching economic, social, and political reforms enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1938, in response to the Great Depression in the United States, Great Depressi ...
term for government assistance. Soon they got jobs with the New Deal program, the
Works Progress Administration The Works Progress Administration (WPA; from 1935 to 1939, then known as the Work Projects Administration from 1939 to 1943) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to car ...
(WPA). The WPA assigned Marzani to teach economics at
New York University New York University (NYU) is a private university, private research university in New York City, New York, United States. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded in 1832 by Albert Gallatin as a Nondenominational ...
. Marzani joined the CPUSA 25 August 1939, two days after the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed, under the alias Tony Wales. An informant wrote that he was also known later by this name "in party circles". While a WPA instructor at New York University, he served as district organizer for the Communist Party on the Lower East Side of New York. After the
German invasion of the Soviet Union Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along a ...
in mid 1941, Marzani became director of a popular front anti-fascist organization, and resigned from the Communist Party in August 1941. In early 1942 after the United States became involved in
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, Marzani went to
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
to help in the war effort. As an economist, he soon found his way to the Economic Division of the Research and Analysis branch of the Coordinator of Information. Both the head of the Economics Division and his assistant knew of Marzani from Williams College days. The same year, this group was renamed the
Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the first intelligence agency of the United States, formed during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines ...
(OSS). It was the predecessor organization of the
Central Intelligence Agency The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...
(CIA). Marzani did not hide his Marxist orientation but stated that he had left CPUSA, which satisfied enough of his OSS colleagues. At the OSS, Marzani worked under Colonel
William J. Donovan William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan (January 1, 1883 – February 8, 1959) was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. He is best known for serving as the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to ...
from 1942 to 1945 in the Analysis Branch. A 1943
Venona Project The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's Signal Intelligence Service and later absorbed by the National Security Agency (NSA), that ran from February 1, 1943, u ...
decryption of Soviet espionage cable traffic reported on an American code-named ''Kollega'' ("Colleague"), recruited by
Eugene Dennis Francis Xavier Waldron (August 10, 1905 – January 31, 1961), best known by the pseudonym Eugene Dennis and Tim Ryan, was an American communist politician and union organizer, best remembered as the long-time leader of the Communist Party USA ...
, who later became CPUSA
General Secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, Power (social and political), power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the org ...
. The message described ''Kollega'' as working at the "Photographic Section Pictural ", interpreted by the U.S. analysts as "probably the Pictures Division of the News and Features Bureau of the
Office of War Information The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency created during World War II. The OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other ...
" (OWI). Cited from Several authors have speculated that ''Kollega'' was Marzani, though it has been disputed. Another posited code name for Marzani was NORD. In 1945 Marzani transferred to the
Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs ...
, where he worked as the deputy chief of the Presentation Division of the Office of Intelligence. Marzani handled the preparation of top secret reports. After the war, the OSS was split up. Marzani's branch was moved to the
State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs o ...
, where he was the deputy chief of the Presentation Division of the Office of Intelligence. In 1946 Marzani founded and directed Union Films, a film documentary company that had contracts with the
United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America The United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America (UE), is an independent democratic rank-and-file labor union representing workers in both the private and public sectors across the United States. UE was one of the first unions to be ch ...
(UE) and other unions to do documentaries. One film entitled ''Deadline for Action'', was released in September 1946, five weeks before Marzani resigned from the State Department. The film "severely criticized powerful corporations such as
General Electric General Electric Company (GE) was an American Multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in 1892, incorporated in the New York (state), state of New York and headquartered in Boston. Over the year ...
and Westinghouse", whose workers the UE had organized. In January 1947 Marzani was indicted for defrauding the government by receiving government pay while concealing CPUSA membership; specifically, for having made false and fraudulent statements in a matter within the jurisdiction of an agency of the United States Government in violation of Section 80 of Title 18 of the United States Code Annotated. An unsympathetic account of his case, written by one of the participants in both the events and his trial, appeared in the anticommunist magazine Plain Talk. He was convicted on 22 June 1947.
Arthur Garfield Hays Arthur Garfield Hays (December 12, 1881 – December 14, 1954) was an American lawyer and champion of civil liberties issues, best known as a co-founder and general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union and for participating in notable cas ...
represented Marzani ''
pro hac vice Pro is an abbreviation meaning "professional". Pro, PRO or variants thereof might also refer to: People * Miguel Pro (1891–1927), Mexican priest * Pro Hart (1928–2006), Australian painter * Mlungisi Mdluli (born 1980), South African retire ...
'' with Allan R. Rosenberg with Charles E. Ford and Warren L. Sharfman. Following conviction, Belford V. Lawson Jr. filed a brief on behalf of the
National Lawyers Guild The National Lawyers Guild (NLG) is a progressive public interest association of lawyers, law students, paralegals, jailhouse lawyers, law collective members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. The group was founded in 193 ...
and
Joseph Forer Joseph Forer (1911 – 20 June 1986) was a 20th-century American attorney who, with partner David Rein, supported Progressive Era, Progressive causes, including discriminated communists and African-Americans. Forer was one of the founders of the N ...
filed a brief on behalf of the
Civil Rights Congress The Civil Rights Congress (CRC) was a United States civil rights organization, formed in 1946 at a national conference for radicals and disbanded in 1956. It succeeded the International Labor Defense, the National Federation for Constitutional L ...
as ''
amicus curiae An amicus curiae (; ) is an individual or organization that is not a Party (law), party to a legal case, but that is permitted to assist a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case. Wheth ...
'' urging reversal. Nine counts were overturned on appeal, while the
Supreme Court In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, high (or final) court of appeal, and court of final appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts. Broadly speaking, the decisions of ...
split 4-4 on a rare rehearing of the last two charges. Marzani served all but four months of a thirty-six-month sentence. In July 1947, Emile Despres vouched for Marzani's loyalty. In August 1947, Despres again "testified emphatically" for his loyalty before the
House Committee on Un-American Activities The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty an ...
. In December 1947, ''
Time Time is the continuous progression of existence that occurs in an apparently irreversible process, irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequ ...
'' magazine reported Marzani among other "unwelcome guests" to speak at six US colleges, whether "Republicans, Democrats, Communists, Buchmanites, Zoroastrians, or ecdysiasts". The article mentioned
Gerhart Eisler Gerhart Eisler (20 February 1897 – 21 March 1968) was a German politician, editor and journalist. Along with his sister Ruth Fischer, he was a very early member of the Austrian German Communist Party (KPDÖ) and then a prominent member of the ...
and Marzani ("dismissed by the State Department for concealing his Communist card") together and that it was the
University of Wisconsin A university () is an institution of tertiary education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase , which roughly means "community of teachers and scholars". Uni ...
which had barred him. Despite the adversity of this period, Marzani continued actively making documentaries through his Union Films organization. In 1948, he made some dozen political campaign films for the Progressive Party presidential candidate,
Henry A. Wallace Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was the 33rd vice president of the United States, serving from 1941 to 1945, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He served as the 11th U.S. secretary of agriculture and the 10th U.S ...
, as well as a film for the
American Labor Party The American Labor Party (ALP) was a political party in the United States established in 1936 that was active almost exclusively in the state of New York. The organization was founded by labor leaders and former members of the Socialist Party of ...
incumbent candidate for Congress,
Vito Marcantonio Vito Anthony Marcantonio (December 10, 1902 – August 9, 1954) was an American lawyer and politician who served East Harlem for seven terms in the United States House of Representatives. For most of his political career, he was a member of ...
of
East Harlem East Harlem, also known as Spanish Harlem, or , is a neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City, north of the Upper East Side and bounded by 96th Street to the south, Fifth Avenue to the west, and the East and Harlem Rivers to the eas ...
. Marzani entered prison in March 1949. He later wrote of serving time in Danbury Federal Prison with former
House Un-American Activities Committee The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative United States Congressional committee, committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 19 ...
(HUAC) chairman
J. Parnell Thomas John Parnell Thomas (January 16, 1895 – November 19, 1970) was an American stockbroker and politician. He was elected to seven terms as a U.S. Representative from New Jersey as a Republican, serving from 1937 to 1950. Thomas later served nin ...
, as well as Ring Lardner, Jr. and
Lester Cole Lester Cole (June 19, 1904 – August 15, 1985) was an American screenwriter. He was one of the Hollywood Ten, a group of screenwriters and directors who were cited for contempt of Congress and blacklisted for their refusal to testify regarding t ...
of the
Hollywood Ten The Hollywood blacklist was the mid-20th century banning of suspected Communists from working in the United States entertainment industry. The blacklisting, blacklist began at the onset of the Cold War and Red Scare#Second Red Scare (1947–1957 ...
, who had been convicted for refusing to testify at HUAC hearings. In prison, Marzani began work on a book blaming President
Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. As the 34th vice president in 1945, he assumed the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. Subsequen ...
for starting the Cold War. W.E.B. DuBois summarized its argument in his introduction, dated August 17, 1952: Caught attempting to smuggle the manuscript out of prison in 1950, Marzani was placed in solitary confinement. Soon after, the authorities transferred him to
Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary The Federal Correctional Institution, Lewisburg (FCI Lewisburg) is a medium-security United States federal prison in Kelly Township, Pennsylvania, for male inmates. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States ...
where he was held in isolation for six months. The book was published in 1952, after his release, as ''We Can Be Friends: Origins of the Cold War''. Union Films went out of business during his stay in prison. After his release in 1951, Marzani edited ''UE Steward'' for the United Electrical Workers until 1954. The same year he joined Cameron Associates and partnered with Angus Cameron to run Liberty Book Club. Liberty Book Club eventually became Marzani & Munsell which operated the Library-Prometheus Book Club. The two book clubs, with some 8,000 members, published and distributed many books following their progressive ideology. In this phase of his career Marzani was a contact for the Soviet secret police agency, the
KGB The Committee for State Security (, ), abbreviated as KGB (, ; ) was the main security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991. It was the direct successor of preceding Soviet secret police agencies including the Cheka, Joint State Polit ...
, and the KGB subsidized his publishing house in the 1960s, according to allegations made in 1994 by
Oleg Kalugin Oleg Danilovich Kalugin (; born 6 September 1934) is a former KGB general (stripped of his rank and awards by a Russian Court decision in 2002). He was during a time, head of KGB political operations in the United States and later a critic of ...
, a retired KGB officer. The amounts were $15,000 in 1960, then a two-year grant in 1961 of $55,000. In 1957, Marzani published the first American translation of writings by
Antonio Gramsci Antonio Francesco Gramsci ( , ; ; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosophy, Marxist philosopher, Linguistics, linguist, journalist, writer, and politician. He wrote on philosophy, Political philosophy, political the ...
, ''The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci''. It was one of the first two translations in English of this seminal political theorist. Marzani's translation comprised about half of the book, while his introduction and annotations supplied the other half. A contemporaneous reviewer found Marzani's translation "remarkably fine" but disapproved both the format, with Marzani's interspersed annotations, and occasionally his comments' tone as well. A 1992 review of a later academic biography of Gramsci adopts Marzani's title of 35 years previous as the review's own. Opening with a discussion of Marzani's book, it quotes Marzani's introduction: Marzani traveled to Europe and the Soviet Union in September 1960, returning to New York in January. He was working on a Spanish translation of ''We Can Be Friends'' for publication in Cuba. Cuba's UN delegation arranged for him to visit Havana the following month. While he was there,
Cedric Belfrage Cedric Henning Belfrage (8 November 1904 – 21 June 1990) was an English film critic, journalist, writer and political activist. He is best remembered as a co-founder of the radical US weekly ''National Guardian''. Later Belfrage was referenced ...
, a British friend from Marzani's OSS days, introduced him to
Jacobo Árbenz Juan Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán (; 14 September 191327 January 1971) was a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as the 25th president of Guatemala. He was Minister of National Defense from 1944 to 1950, before he became the secon ...
, the former President of Guatemala overthrown by the CIA in 1954. Another OSS friend arranged a meeting with Che Guevera, with whom Marzani anticipated a US invasion of Cuba, six weeks before the US-financed, US-directed
Bay of Pigs Invasion The Bay of Pigs Invasion (, sometimes called or after the Playa Girón) was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in April 1961 by the United States of America and the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front ...
. These experiences provided background for ''Cuba Versus CIA'', cowritten with Robert E. Light, an associate editor with Belfrage's newspaper, the ''
National Guardian ''The National Guardian'', not to be confused witThe Guardian British newspaper was a left-wing independent weekly newspaper established in 1948 in New York City. The paper was founded by James Aronson, Cedric Belfrage and John T. McManus in ...
''. This book was one of the first to list major covert CIA operations, including against Guatemala, and overthrowing the Mossadegh government in Iran in 1953. In 1961, Marzani attended a Williams College alumni reunion where fellow alumnus
Richard Helms Richard McGarrah Helms (March 30, 1913 – October 23, 2002) was an American government official and diplomat who served as Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1966 to 1973. Helms began intelligence work with the Office of Strategic Ser ...
spoke. Marzani quoted from Helms' speech and subsequent discussions in a 1966 book, ''A Text for President X'', that was never published, as both Helms and
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. Arthur Meier Schlesinger Jr. ( ; born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger; October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007) was an American historian, social critic, and public intellectual. The son of the influential historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. and a ...
disliked. Helms stated in correspondence with Marzani that he did not want more attention for the CIA; and Schlesinger did not like Marzani's suggestion that the late President Kennedy planned a second Cuba invasion. Marzani continued to correspond with his intelligence contacts as late as 1979, keeping abreast of their views of foreign affairs including the
Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution (, ), also known as the 1979 Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (, ) was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Impe ...
and developments in China. He was still active in the early 1980's, going on a lecture tour to discuss his 1980 book, ''The Promise of Eurocommunism''. The Marzani and Munsell publishing house "was destroyed in a mysterious fire" in December 1968, ending the run of books, pamphlets, broadsheets and reprints chronicled in the
Bibliography Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ...
below. His publishing career at an end, Marzani purchased four
Manhattan Manhattan ( ) is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City. Coextensive with New York County, Manhattan is the County statistics of the United States#Smallest, larg ...
brownstones which he renovated and rented, while residing in one of them. Marzani was one of the interviewees in
Vivian Gornick Vivian Gornick (born June 14, 1935) is an American radical feminist critic, journalist, essayist, and memoirist. Early life and education In 1957 Gornick received a bachelor of arts degree from City College of New York and in 1960 a master of a ...
's 1977 book, ''The Romance of American Communism''. Like the other interviewees, Marzani was concealed by a pseudonym; his was "Eric Lanzetti". Gornick described the impression he made on her while she was researching this work, in her review of the first volume of his autobiography:


Personal life and death

In 1937, Marzani married his first wife, Edith Eisner, an actress whose stage name was Edith Emerson. They had two children, Anthony Marzani and Judith Cutler. They divorced in 1966. The same year, he married Charlotte Pomerantz, a children's writer and journalist. They also had two children, Daniel Marzani and Gabrielle Marzani. Pomerantz's father was a well-known lawyer, Abraham Pomerantz, a former
Nuremberg Trials #REDIRECT Nuremberg trials {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from move ...
prosecutor whom Congressman George A. Dondero alleged to have communist sympathies. Carl Marzani died age 82 on December 11, 1994, in Manhattan.


Publications

In later years, Marzani seems to have moved away from his
Old Left The Old Left is an informal umbrella term used to describe the various left-wing political movements in the Western world prior to the 1960s. Many of these movements were Marxist movements that often took a more vanguardist approach to social ...
roots. In 1972 he authored Wounded Earth, a well-respected book on environmental matters, at that time an unusual interest for a man associated with orthodox Marxism. In a 1976 article for the periodical ''
In These Times In These Times may refer to: *In These Times (magazine), ''In These Times'' (magazine), an American monthly magazine of news and opinion *In These Times (Peter, Paul, and Mary album), ''In These Times'' (Peter, Paul, and Mary album), a 2004 album b ...
'', he spoke respectfully of the Club of Rome, a think-tank formed by a group of Italian industrialists in 1968; "it is a highly sophisticated group, the most thoughtful representatives of European capitalism". In a note appended to the article he commented "I have only two claims to fame: that I was the first political prisoner of the Cold War and that I wrote the first revisionist history of it." He continued to propound his later revisionism of a different sort, in his 1981 book ''The Promise of
Eurocommunism Eurocommunism was a trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, which said they had developed a theory and practice of social transformation more relevant for Western Europe. During the Cold War, they sough ...
''.


Books by or co-written by Marzani

* ''John Gore, miner; a tragedy in 3 acts'' (1936) * ''We Can Be Friends'' (1952) * ''The Survivor: A Novel'' (1958) * ''Dollars and Sense of Disarmament'' (1960) * ''Cuba versus CIA'' (1961) * ''The Shelter Hoax and Foreign Policy'' (1962) * ''The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War'' (1965) * ''Withdraw!: From an Indochina War That Dishonors Our Country and Threatens Nuclear Disaster'' (1970) * ''The Wounded Earth; an Environmental Survey'' (1972) * ''The Threat of American Neo-Fascism: A Prudential Inquiry'' (1972) * "Towards Eurocapitalism" (1976) * ''The Promise of Eurocommunism'' (1980) * ''Beyond 1984: Spain, Orwell and the Neo-Orwellians'' (1984) * ''On Interring Communism and Exalting Capitalism'' * ''The Education of a Reluctant Radical'' **Book 1: ''Roman Childhood'' (1992) **Book 2: ''Growing Up American'' (1993) **Book 3: ''Spain, Munich and Dying Empires'' (1994) **Book 4: ''From Pentagon to Penitentiary'' (1995) **Book 5: ''Reconstruction''. Monthly Review Press, 2001


Translated by Marzani

* ''The Open Marxism of Antonio Gramsci'' (1957) * ''Inside the Khrushchev Era'' (1960)


Published by Marzani & Munsell

;Books by Marzani * ''Cuba Versus CIA'' (1961) * ''Dollars and Sense of Disarmament'' (1961) * ''The Shelter Hoax and Foreign Policy'' (1962) * ''The Military Background to Disarmament'' (1962) * ''The Conscience of the Senate on the Vietnam War'' (1965) ;Books by other authors ''See
Marzani & Munsell Marzani & Munsell (1955–1967) was an American book publisher of the mid-20th Century, based in Manhattan, which published liberal and leftist books, starting with ''False Witness'' by Harvey Matusow. History After release from prison in 1951, ...
''


Filmography

A number of these are available for online viewing. See External links, below, for those. * War Department Report, 1943, nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Academy Honorary Award, Special Awards to ''Kukan'' and ''Target for Tonight''. The ...
* Air Force Report, 1945 * Deadline for Action, 1946, part 1; part 2 * Our Union, 1947 * The Case of the Fishermen, 1947 * The Great Swindle, 1948 * Count Us In, 1948 * A People's Convention, 1948 * People's Congressman (The Vito Marcantonio Story), 1948 * Dollar Patriots, 1948 * Time to Act, 1948 * Freedom Rally, 1948 * Wallace at York, 1948 * The Investigator, 1948 * Eyewitness in Athens, 1949 * Failure in Germany, 1949 * Israel Is Labor, 1949 * Rome Divided, 1949 * Industry's Disinherited, 1949 * Men Against Money, 1949 * Solidarity, 1950 * The Sentner Story, 1953


See also

*
Marzani & Munsell Marzani & Munsell (1955–1967) was an American book publisher of the mid-20th Century, based in Manhattan, which published liberal and leftist books, starting with ''False Witness'' by Harvey Matusow. History After release from prison in 1951, ...
* Charlotte Pomerantz *
Soviet espionage in the United States As early as the 1920s, the Soviet Union, through its GRU, OGPU, NKVD, and KGB intelligence agencies, used Russian and foreign-born nationals ( resident spies), as well as Communists of American origin, to perform espionage activities in the United ...
*
Office of Strategic Services The Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was the first intelligence agency of the United States, formed during World War II. The OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines ...


Notes


References


Further reading

*Cannistraro, Philip V. and Gerald Meyer. 2003. ''The Lost World of Italian American Radicalism''. Greenwood Publishing Group. * *Haynes, John Earl and Harvey Klehr. 1999. ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'', Yale University Press. *Kalugin, Oleg with Fen Montaigne. 1994. ''The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West'' New York: St. Martin's Press. *Gettleman, Marvin E. 1978. Review of Vivian Gornick, ''The Romance of American Communism''. ''The American Historical Review'', December 1978
83(5):1360–1361.


External links

*


Films


War Department Report, 1943
also ; nominated for an
Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature The Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film is an award for documentary films. In 1941, the first awards for feature-length documentaries were bestowed as Academy Honorary Award, Special Awards to ''Kukan'' and ''Target for Tonight''. The ...
)
Deadline for Action, 1946, part 1part 2

The Case of the Fishermen, 1947

The Great Swindle, 1947

Count Us In, 1948

A People's Convention, 1948

People's Congressman (The Vito Marcantonio Story), 1948
{{DEFAULTSORT:Marzani, Carl 1912 births 1994 deaths Italian emigrants to the United States Businesspeople from Scranton, Pennsylvania Abraham Lincoln Brigade members American spies for the Soviet Union Williams College alumni Alumni of the University of Oxford Works Progress Administration workers People of the Office of Strategic Services Espionage in the United States Members of the Communist Party USA Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government