Markovo, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
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Markovo (; Chukchi: , ''Ujvyn'' / ''Gujgun'', lit. ''wooden hut'';Leontyev and Novikova, p. 329 Koryak: , ''Vujvәn'', lit. ''big village'') is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in
Anadyrsky District Anadyrsky District (; Chukchi language, Chukchi: , ''Kagyrgyn rajon'') is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #148-OZ district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Rus ...
of
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Chukotka ( ; ), officially the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, is the easternmost federal subjects of Russia, federal subject of Russia. It is an Autonomous okrugs of Russia, autonomous okrug situated in the Russian Far East, and shares a border wi ...
,
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
, located near the head of small-boat navigation of the
Anadyr River The Anadyr (; Yukaghir: Онандырь; ) is a river in the far northeast of Siberia which flows into the Gulf of Anadyr of the Bering Sea and drains much of the interior of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Its basin corresponds to the Anadyrsky ...
. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 809.The results of the 2010 Census and the 2018 estimate are given for Markovo Rural Settlement, a municipal formation of Anadyrsky Municipal District. According to Law #148-OZ, Markovo is the only inhabited locality on the territory of Markovo Rural Settlement. A small locality now—albeit still quite large by Chukotkan standards—Markovo had historically been an important trade hub during the early period of
Cossack The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borders of Ukraine and Rus ...
exploration.


Geography

Markovo is situated in the middle reaches of the
Anadyr River The Anadyr (; Yukaghir: Онандырь; ) is a river in the far northeast of Siberia which flows into the Gulf of Anadyr of the Bering Sea and drains much of the interior of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Its basin corresponds to the Anadyrsky ...
, the largest waterway in Chukotka, in a lowland region with a unique
microclimate A microclimate (or micro-climate) is a local set of atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square m ...
, surrounded by the Shchuchy Range in the north, the east ridge of the
Pekulney Range The Pekulney Range () is a range of mountains in far North-eastern Russia. Administratively the range is part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation. The area of the range is desolate and uninhabited.
in the east, the Penzhinsky Range in the south, and the Russkiye mountain range in the west. Within this lowland tundra zone, deciduous forest is located around the floodplain of the Anadyr River, although the tundra covers the majority of this environment with a great number of lakes, rivers, and swamps. Unlike many other areas in Chukotka, comparably warm and lengthy summers create favorable conditions for the growth of all kinds of deciduous forests and vegetation. There is a very diverse world of animals, birds, and insects to be found. The absence of permafrost near Markovo gives the inhabitants an opportunity to grow open field vegetable crops.


Climate

Markovo has a
subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
''Dfc''), which is quite varied. Although it can be below freezing from September through to the end of May, and regularly below from November to April, the short summers running from June to August are usually quite temperate, with record temperatures achieved during these months which are some of the warmest in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Average annual rainfall is , exposing the area to floods; water levels can rise more than . High levels of flood in the 20th century (with the increases in water level of more than ) were recorded in 1964, 1966, 1989, 1997, and 1999. The biggest flood was in 1997 (), when over 90% of Markovo's territory was flooded, although mandatory training prevented damage on the large scale. A hydrological station is located on the right bank of the Anadyr River in the upper part of Markovo.


History

The date of Markovo's foundation is not known, although it is believed to be one of the first Russian-speaking settlements in Chukotka.Red Cross Chukotka
Anadyr District
(archived)
Some sources state that Markovo was established in 1649.Official website of Anadyrsky District
Markovo Rural Settlement
It is known that the crew from
Semyon Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnyov (, ; sometimes spelled Dezhnev; March 7, 1605 – 1673) was a Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait, 80 years before Vitus Bering did. In 1648 he sailed from the Kolyma Riv ...
's expedition wintered close to the site of modern Markovo and that
Anadyrsk Anadyrsk was an important Russian ostrog (fortified settlement) in far northeastern Siberia from 1649 to 1764. It was on the Anadyr River, near the head of small-boat navigation, about 300 miles upstream, 12 miles northeast of the present Marko ...
was founded around this area at a later date as a base for exploring Chukotka and potential routes to
Kamchatka The Kamchatka Peninsula (, ) is a peninsula in the Russian Far East, with an area of about . The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk make up the peninsula's eastern and western coastlines, respectively. Immediately offshore along the Pacific ...
. The
Cossacks The Cossacks are a predominantly East Slavic languages, East Slavic Eastern Christian people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Ukraine and southern Russia. Cossacks played an important role in defending the southern borde ...
were followed by others looking for business opportunities and those who did not wish to continue being
serfs Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery. It developed dur ...
. It is thought that modern Markovo evolved in the mid-18th century and was named either after an early settler with the last name
Markov Markov ( Bulgarian, ), Markova, and Markoff are common surnames used in Russia and Bulgaria. Notable people with the name include: Academics * Ivana Markova (1938–2024), Czechoslovak-British emeritus professor of psychology at the University of S ...
or after local Saint Mark, who consecrated the spot on which Markovo was to be established.Strogoff, p. 90 In 1862, the construction of the first parochial school in Chukotka started in Markovo; the school opened in 1883. People from Markovo were the founders of
Ust-Belaya Ust-Belaya (; , ''Kuulûč’yn'') is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Anadyrsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located at the confluence of the Anadyr and the Belaya Rivers.Strogoff, p. 92 Population: Municipally, the sett ...
around the beginning of the 20th century, also located along the banks of the Anadyr River. In the 20th century, Markovo was the cultural center of Markovsky District (which was split into Anadyrsky and
Bilibinsky District Bilibinsky District (; , ''Bilibinkèn rajon'') is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #43-OZ district (raion), one of the six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is located in the west of the autonomous okrug and borders with Chau ...
s in 1958). Markovo's cultural significance continues today, as it is home to the Markovskiye Vechyorki Chorus, who specialize in old Cossack songs. Markovo played a key role in the establishment of the Soviet rule in Chukotka in the early 20th century. When Soviet attempts to gain a foothold in the region were foiled in
Anadyr Anadyr may refer to: *Anadyr (town), a town and the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia * Anadyr District * Anadyr Estuary * Anadyr (river), a river in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia * Anadyr Highlands * Anadyr Lowlands * A ...
, the revolutionary activities centered on Markovo. Mikhail Mandrikov and August Berzin were the first
Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...
sent to Anadyr by the Kamchatka
Revkom A revolutionary committee or revkom ({{langx, ru, Революционный комитет, ревком) were Bolshevik-led organizations in Soviet Russia and other Soviet republics established to serve as provisional governments and temporary S ...
to set up an underground organization to undermine and eventually overthrow the resident White Army forces.Gray, pp. 88–90 These two, along with a small group of other Russian immigrants and a handful of
Chuvans Chuvans () are one of the forty or so "Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East" recognized by the Russian government. Most Chuvans today live within Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the far northeast of Russia. Bas ...
, established the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka. Their presence initially went undetected, although it did arise suspicion. However, just before they were about to be discovered by the resident White Army troops, they launched an attack against them on the night of December 16, 1916, with the intention to free the local indigenous people from their debts to the Russian incomers and to begin the dismantling of the capitalist infrastructure. Their attempt at seizing the property of the merchant class in Anadyr was successful, although they failed to capture the armory and the ammunition supplies. The merchants used this opportunity to reassert themselves, and by January 30, 1920, they surrounded the Revkom offices and attacked. One of the leaders, Vasily Titov, was killed and a number of others were wounded. Mikhail Mandrikov himself surrendered. Although the survivors were initially imprisoned, the merchants decided to eliminate them permanently. Under the pretense of transferring them to another site, they executed them out in the tundra. The merchants' and White Army's success had been aided by the fact that a number of the Revkom members had been out the town visiting Markovo. When these people returned, they were ambushed and all survivors eventually killed.Zhikarev, pp. 60–61 The merchants set about to re-establish the status quo, all the while pretending to be socialists when inquiries came from the Kamchatka Revkom as to the whereabouts of their colleagues, going as far as to set up a fake Anadyr branch of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks. This scheme, however, did not succeed, as the members of the first Revkom had already managed to establish branches in Markovo and
Ust-Belaya Ust-Belaya (; , ''Kuulûč’yn'') is a rural locality (a '' selo'') in Anadyrsky District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located at the confluence of the Anadyr and the Belaya Rivers.Strogoff, p. 92 Population: Municipally, the sett ...
,Zhikarev, p. 63 so the Kamchatka Revkom sent a party to investigate. A number of those involved in the overthrow of the First Revolutionary Committee either ceased their political activity in the hope of blending into the background or fled Chukotka for Alaska.Dikov, p. 148 Struggles continued for some time after this, and it took until early 1923 before all White Army forces in Chukotka had been eliminated.Dikov, p. 156 During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (
ALSIB ALSIB (or the Northern Trace) was the Soviet Union portion of the Alaska-Siberian air road receiving Lend-Lease aircraft from the Northwest Staging Route. Aircraft manufactured in the United States were flown over this route for World War II combat ...
) air route used to ferry American
Lend-Lease Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States (),3,000 Hurricanes and >4,000 other aircraft) * 28 naval vessels: ** 1 Battleship. (HMS Royal Sovereign (05), HMS Royal Sovereign) * ...
aircraft to the Eastern Front.Lebedev, pp. 44–49 In 1998, Markovo was demoted in status to that of a rural locality.Perepis2002.ru
Изменения в административно-территориальном устройстве субъектов Российской Федерации за 1989–2002 годы


Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Markovo is subordinated to
Anadyrsky District Anadyrsky District (; Chukchi language, Chukchi: , ''Kagyrgyn rajon'') is an administrativeLaw #33-OZ and municipalLaw #148-OZ district (raion), one of the administrative divisions of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, six in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Rus ...
.Directive #517-rp Within the framework of municipal divisions, Markovo is a part of Markovo Rural Settlement within Anadyrsky Municipal District.Law #148-OZ


Demographics

Markovo's size is comparatively large for Chukotka, with a population of 809 as of the 2010 Census, although it has been decreasing over the years: in June 2005, it was estimated to be 865,Bema Gold Corporation, p. 87 the 2003 estimate was 1,170, and the 1993 estimate was around 2,000.Chereshev, pp. 12–14 In 2000, the ethnic groups in Markovo were as follows:


Economics

Of all the families in Markovo in 2000, regardless of ethnicity, only 5% had a regular monthly income, with most families living below the poverty line. The economy is driven mainly by subsistence reindeer herding and fishing—a result of the large proportion of indigenous people. Markovo's infrastructure includes a boarding secondary school and a cultural center, with a new hospital being under construction in the 2000s.


Transportation

The Markovo Airport serves Markovo. The depths of the Anadyr River allow ships with 600-ton lifting capacity to navigate all the way to Markovo, from the mouth of the river, and boats with a draft of up to and a carrying load of up to 150 tons travel on up the Anadyr River past this point.


See also

* List of inhabited localities in Anadyrsky District


References


Notes


Sources

* * *В. В. Леонтьев и К. А. Новикова (V. V. Leontyev and K. A. Novikova). "Топонимический словарь северо-востока СССР'' (''Toponymic Dictionary of the Northeastern USSR''). Magadan, 1989. *M. Strogoff, P.-C. Brochet, and D. Auzias
''Petit Futé: Chukotka''
"Avant-Garde" Publishing House, 2006. *P. A. Gray
''The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous People: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North''
Cambridge University Press, 2005. *Н. А. Жикарев. (N. A. Zhikarev). "Очерки Истории Северо-Восточной РСФСР" (''Sketches of the History of the Northeast RSFSR''). Magadan, 1961. *Н. Н. Диков (N. N. Dikov). "История Чукотки с древнейших времен до наших дней" (''The History of Chukotka from Ancient Times to the Present Day''). Moscow, 1989. *Igor Lebedev. ''Aviation Lend-Lease to Russia''. Nova Publishers, 1997 *Bema Gold Corporation
Environmental Impact Assessment, Kupol Gold Project, Far East Russia
June 2005. *E. Chereshev and A. Shestakov
Anadyr River Watershed, Rapid Assessment Report
Institute of biological Problems of the North, Wild Salmon Center, June 2003.


External links


Panorama of the settlementMarkovo photo gallery
{{Use mdy dates, date=March 2015 Anadyrsky District Rural localities in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Populated places established in 1649