Mariano Fernández de Folgueras y Fernández Flores (1766 – June 1, 1823) was a

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many countries in the Americas **Spanish cuisine **Spanish history **Spanish culture ...

military and colonial administrator who twice became the

governor-general Governor-general (plural governors-general), or governor general (plural governors general), is the title of an official, most prominently associated with the British Empire. In the context of the governors-general and former British colonies, ...

of the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

, from 1806 to 1810 and from 1816 to 1822. It was during his term when the people from Ilocandia revolted against Spain in 1807, the Napoleonic Spain was established in 1808 and the

Viceroyalty of New Spain New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( ; Nahuatl: ''Yankwik Kaxtillan Birreiyotl''), originally the Kingdom of New Spain, was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain. It was one of several ...

was dissolved in 1821.

Biography

Fernández de Folgueras was born in

Galicia, Spain Galicia ( ; or ; ) is an Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Spain and nationalities and regions of Spain, historic nationality under Spanish law. Located in the northwest Iberian Peninsula, it includes the provinces o ...

in an unknown date and became a lieutenant of the king of Spain for the Philippines. When Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León died in 1806, he succeeded as the acting governor-general of the islands. On September 16, 1807, he witnessed the Basi Revolt in Ilocos, which culminated twelve days later when the Spanish successfully quelled the rebels. In 1809, he gave permission to English traders to establish the first commercial houses in the Philippines. He returned to the post when José Gardoqui Jaraveitia died in office and was named to succeed him. During his term, the pressure from the absolutist policy accentuated in the Philippines, and his actions of giving administrative posts to ''

peninsulares In the context of the Spanish Empire, a ''peninsular'' (, pl. ''peninsulares'') was a Spaniard born in Spain residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea. In the context of the Portuguese Empire, ''reinóis'' (singular ''r ...

'' and foreigners accumulated to several uprisings against foreigners residing in Manila. On February 1, 1818, the captain Hipolito Bouchard arrived at Manila Bay. He sailed aboard a warship of the

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán for the region of South America that declared independence in 1816, with the Sove ...

. Immediately blockade the Manila Bay, keeping the port closed for two months. Fernández de Folgueras left a detailed report of the events that occurred during the incursion of the South American forces. Folgueras, also, created the province of

Ilocos Norte Ilocos Norte (), officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzon island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to t ...

on February 2, 1818, and reestablished the

Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País The ''Sociedades Económicas de Amigos del País'' (Economic Societies of Friends of the Country) were private associations established in various cities throughout Enlightenment Spain, and to a lesser degree in some of Spain's overseas territories ...

on December 17, 1819. In 1820, the Escuela Nautica de Manila was established. From October 9 to 10, 1820, several foreigners were massacred by the natives because of Spanish authorities' claim that the natives spread the

cholera Cholera () is an infection of the small intestine by some Strain (biology), strains of the Bacteria, bacterium ''Vibrio cholerae''. Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea last ...

in the islands. In 1821,

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

became an independent nation as a conclusion to

Mexican War of Independence The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional ...

; the viceroyalty was dissolved and the country was directly controlled by the Spanish Crown through the Ministry of the Colonies (''Ministerio de Ultramar''). On October 30, 1822, Fernández de Folgueras gave the office to

Juan Antonio Martínez Juan Antonio Martínez was interim President of Guatemala from 16 August 1848 to 28 November 1848. Martinez was elected due to the resignation of President José Rafael Carrera Turcios on August 15, 1848. The Liberal Party, expected at any tim ...

and returned to become the lieutenant governor once again. On 1823, '' creoles'' and ''

mestizos ( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed Ethnic groups in Europe, European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to ...

'' staged an insurrection against the government of Martínez because of the growing sentiments on how the Spanish authorities treated them. Led by Andrés Novales, this became known as the Novales Revolt. Fernández de Folgueras was killed on June 1, 1823, when the rebels occupied government buildings in

Intramuros Intramuros () is the historic walled area within the city of Manila, the capital of the Philippines. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration with the help of the city government of Manila. Intramuros comprises a centuries-old hist ...

References

Folgueras Fernández, Mariano (−1823)

Connections After Colonialism: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s

The Remnants of the Great Ilonggo Nation
{{DEFAULTSORT:Folgueras, Mariano Fernandez de 1766 births 1823 deaths Politicians from Galicia (Spain) Captains general of the Philippines