Mariama Bâ

Mariama Bâ (April 17, 1929 – August 17, 1981) was a Senegalese author and feminist, whose two French-language novels were both translated into more than a dozen languages. Born in Dakar, Senegal, she was raised a Muslim.

Her frustration with the fate of African women is expressed in her first novel, ''Une si longue lettre'' (1979; translated into English as ''So Long a Letter''). In this semi-autobiographical epistolary work, Bâ depicts the sorrow and resignation of a woman who must share the mourning for her late husband with his second, younger wife. This short book was awarded the first Noma Award for Publishing in Africa in 1980.

Biography

Bâ was born in Dakar, Senegal, in 1929, into an educated and well-to-do Senegalese family of Lebu ethnicity. Her mother, Fatou Kiné Gaye, died when Mariama was 4. Her father, Amadou Bâ, founded the separatist African Autonomist Movement in 1946. He was the Minister of Health in 1956 while her grandfather was an interpreter in the French occupation regime. After her mother's death, Bâ was largely raised in the traditional manner by her maternal grandparents. She received her early education in French, while at the same time attending Koranic school.

During the colonial revolution period and later, girls faced numerous obstacles when they wanted to have a higher education. Bâ's grandparents did not plan to educate her beyond primary school. However, her father's insistence on giving her an opportunity to continue her studies eventually persuaded them.

Bâ attended Dakar Girls’ School and planned to become a secretary. But at 14 she passed the final exam with such high scores that the school’s headmistress, Berthe Maubert, pushed Bâ to continue her education at the École normale de Rufisque, a women's teacher-training school. She won the first prize in the entrance examination and entered the École Normale. In this institution, she was prepared for later career as a school teacher. The school's principal began to prepare her for the 1943 entrance examination to a teaching career after he noticed Bâ's intellect and capacity. She taught from 1947 to 1959, before transferring to the Regional Inspectorate of teaching as an educational inspector.

Bâ founded Cercle Fémina, a women's organization, and was a member of Dakar’s Soroptimist Club, a volunteer organization which focuses on education and training for women and girls.

Bâ was married three times and had nine children; her third and longest marriage was to a Senegalese member of Parliament, Obèye Diop, but they divorced.

Bâ died on August 17, 1981 after a long battle with lung cancer, before the publication of her second novel, ''Un Chant écarlate'' (''Scarlet Song''), which is a love story between two star-crossed lovers from different ethnic backgrounds fighting the tyranny of tradition.

Work

Bâ published a book on education in colonial Senegal and contributed essays to African newspapers and periodicals favoring women's rights and an end to colonialism in Africa. Bâ wrote two books: ''So Long a Letter'' (1979) and ''Scarlet Song'' (1981), in addition to ''La fonction politique des littératures Africaines écrites'' (The Political Function of African Written Literature), an article published in 1981. Bâ was aware that she wrote in French, a “borrowed language,” as she put it, which the local people may not have been able to read. Her books were later translated into her native language, Wolof.

''So Long a Letter''

In 1980, ''Une si longue lettre'', translated as ''So Long a Letter'', was awarded the first Noma Award for Publishing in Africa. In this book, Bâ recognized the immense contributions African women have made and continue to make in the building of their societies. The book was internationally successful. It was particularly successful in Senegal, which had only recently become independent from French colonial rule.

The book is written in the form of a letter, or a diary, from a widow, Ramatoulaye, to her childhood girlfriend, Aissatou, who lives in the United States. Nafissatou Niang Diallo (1941–1982), who started her works in the 1970s, was a mirror for Mariama Bâ, whose leading role was a strong-minded character. Moreover, she found support, friendship and values from female confidence, unity and harmony. The discriminatory use of power forces Ramatoulaye to deal with its consequences. This discriminatory power is what is in the novel a form of male domination coming from society's construction of a patriarchal ideology. Because Ramatoulaye is a woman, she has little power in determining her own destiny, but Aissatou rejects this notion and chooses her own life without being denied a life of her own by her husband Mawdo.

''Scarlet Song''

''Scarlet Song'' (1981) also gained international attention. This book deals with the critically urgent need for women to create "empowered" spaces for themselves, meaning, women need to create a space where they are not considered the "weaker sex". ''Scarlet Song'' is about a marriage between a European woman and an African man. Mireille, whose father is a French diplomat, marries Ousmane, son of a poor Senegalese Muslim family. Moving back from Paris to Senegal, Ousmane once again adopts his traditions and customs. But, as an occidental, Mireille cannot handle this kind of life, especially when Ousmane takes a second wife. However, Senegal has a polygamous society and in their religion it is acceptable but Mireille did not accept it. She suffers the marriage. Most notably, the book criticizes the tyranny of tradition and expounds upon the despair of cross-cultural marriages.

''La Fonction politique des littératures africaines écrites''

In this article from 1981, Mariama Bâ states that every African woman should be proud of her strength and accomplishments. She believes that each woman contributes to Africa's development and participates in Africa's growth.

Feminism and politics

Bâ neither accepted the label "feminist", which for her was too loaded with Western values, nor agreed with the traditional Senegalese Muslim values for women. According to Rizwana Habib Latha, the character of Ramatoulaye in ''So Long a Letter'' does portray a kind of womanism, and Bâ herself saw an important role for African women writers:

The woman writer in Africa has a special task. She has to present the position of women in Africa in all its aspects. There is still so much injustice. . . . In the family, in the institutions, in society, in the street, in political organizations, discrimination reigns supreme. . . . As women, we must work for our own future, we must overthrow the status quo which harms us and we must no longer submit to it. Like men, we must use literature as a non-violent but effective weapon.

Although Bâ's work contains feminist ideas, experts on her life and writing say that she did not like the "feminist" label. Bâ aimed to promote an African perspective that valued mutual respect and equality between genders.

Legacy

Columbia University Libraries included ''So Long a Letter'' as one of the 20th century’s 100 best books about Africa.

A biography of Bâ was published in Dakar in 2007: ''Mariama Bâ ou les allées d'un destin'' by her daughter, Mame Coumba Ndiaye. It was praised by Jean-Marie Volet as "a fascinating, considerate and enlightening" book.

Mariama Bâ Boarding School (Maison d'Education Mariama Bâ)

The Mariama Bâ Boarding School is a top boarding school on Gorée, an island in Senegal. It was founded in 1977 by Leopold Sedar Senghor, first president of Senegal. The school was named after Mariama Bâ because of what she stood for, spoke and wrote about. It admits young women who obtained the highest scores during the national secondary school entry exam. Each year, about 25 female students from the 11 regions of Senegal, are given the opportunity to attend Mariama Bâ boarding school for the rest of their high school years. The curriculum is similar to secondary education in France in that it has seven levels, and students finish with their baccalaureat. In 2009, Jana Films, a Spanish production company, filmed a documentary about the school, directed by Ana Rodríguez Rosell.

Bibliography

* Republished in French by Serpent à plumes, Paris, 2001. Translated by Modupé Bodé-Thomas as ''So Long a Letter'' and published by Heinemann, 1981; Virago, 1982; and Waveland Press, 2012. Abridged in ''Daughters of Africa'', edited by Margaret Busby, 1992."So Long a Letter"
LibraryThing.
* Bâ, Mariama (1981). ''Un Chant écarlate'' (in French). Dakar: Les Nouvelles Éditions Africaines. Republished as Translated as The first edition of the translation was published in 1981.
*

Further reading

*
*
*
* Doctoral thesis.
*

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ba, Mariama
1929 births
1981 deaths
20th-century novelists
20th-century Senegalese writers
20th-century women writers
Feminist writers
People of French West Africa
Senegalese feminists
Senegalese novelists
Senegalese women novelists
Senegalese writers in French