Marfa Inofuentes Pérez
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Marfa Inofuentes Pérez (1969–2015) was an Afro-Bolivian activist involved in the Constitutional reform movement to recognize black Bolivians as an ethnic minority in the country. After achieving the goal for Afro-Bolivians to be protected under the law, she served as the head of the Ministry of Gender and was appointed deputy mayor of the Peripheral Macro district of the Municipality of La Paz.


Early life

Marfa Inofuentes Pérez was born in 1969 in
La Paz La Paz, officially Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Aymara language, Aymara: Chuqi Yapu ), is the seat of government of the Bolivia, Plurinational State of Bolivia. With 755,732 residents as of 2024, La Paz is the List of Bolivian cities by populati ...
, Bolivia, one of three children of Benjamín Inofuentes. Her father was born in Tocaña, a village in the Bolivian Yungas Region, where the majority of the country's Afro-Bolivians originated. After completion of her secondary studies, Inofuentes enrolled in the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, studying sociology and law.


Career

In 1990 Inofuentes joined the Afro-Bolivian Saya Cultural Movement (), a group organized to preserve the cultural traditions of black Bolivians, particularly the art form of '' saya'', by increasing their visibility and acceptance in the wider society. She participated in a public performance of Saya in Tocaña in 1990, one of the first times that the public was allowed to witness the ceremonies. In 2001, after the World Conference against Racism, Inofuentes and Jorge Medina co-founded the Afro-Bolivian Center for Community Development () to advocate for government recognition of Bolivia's black population. According to a 1997 poll by the
Inter-American Development Bank The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB or IADB) is an international development finance institution headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States of America. It serves as one of the leading sources of development financing for the countri ...
, which included Mónica Rey Gutiérrez, another Afro-Bolivian activist, the population numbered around 20,000 people, but the previous census in 2001 had no category except "other" to survey the actual size of the ethnic group. She believed that lack of state recognition as a minority, and inability to determine the size of the population, furthered marginalization of Afro-Bolivians, as there were no protections in law for discrimination or racial violence. Traveling widely, Inofuentes represented Bolivia's black women at meetings of the
Organization of Ibero-American States The Organization of Ibero-American States (, , ; abbreviated as OEI), formally the Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture, is an international organization made up of Member states of the Organization of Ibero-Am ...
in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and the United States. She was also a member of the feminist organization the Network of Caribbean Latin American and African Diaspora Women (). In 2006, after the election of President
Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (; born 26 October 1959) is a Bolivian politician, trade union organizer, and former cocalero activist who served as the 65th president of Bolivia from 2006 to 2019. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come ...
, lawmakers met in
Sucre Sucre (; ) is the ''de jure'' capital city of Bolivia, the capital of the Chuquisaca Department and the sixth most populous city in Bolivia. Located in the south-central part of the country, Sucre lies at an elevation of . This relatively high ...
to rewrite the
Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...
. Inofuentes and other black activists lobbied all of the political parties, pressing for recognition as an ethnic group. As one of the main activists involved in the Bolivian Constitutional Assembly, Inofuentes argued for the addition of articles to protect the civil rights of Afro-Bolivians, including language that recognized the population and protected their culture with the same provisions afforded to indigenous people and other intercultural minorities. Gaining the concessions desired, in 2009, Afro-Bolivians gained constitutional protection and recognition, after the Bolivian constitutional referendum passed. Her activism led to her being appointed to head the Ministry of Gender. In 2010, she was appointed as Deputy Mayor of the Peripheral Macro district of the Municipality of La Paz, but after one year, she developed health problems and entered into a coma from which she did not recover.


Death and legacy

Inofuentes died on 4 March 2015 at the Obrero Hospital in La Paz and is most remembered for her activism to gain recognition for the cultural traditions and identity of Afro-Bolivians.


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* * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Inofuentes, Marfa 1969 births 2015 deaths People from La Paz Higher University of San Andrés alumni Afro-Bolivian people Civil rights activists