Manasik () is the whole of rites and ceremonies that have to be performed by

Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

ic pilgrims in and around

Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...

. The

Qur'an The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God ('' Allāh''). It is organized in 114 chapters (, ) which consist of individual verses ('). Besides ...

differentiates between two manasiks: The Manasik of

Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...

, has to be done in the month

Dhu al-Hijjah Dhu al-Hijjah (also Dhu al-Hijja ) is the twelfth and final month in the Islamic calendar. Being one of the four sacred months during which war is forbidden, it is the month in which the '' Ḥajj'' () takes place as well as Eid al-Adha (). T ...

and The Manasik of ʿUmra, which can be performed any time of the year. The knowledge of manasik is an independent part of

Fiqh ''Fiqh'' (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence.Fiqh
Encyclopædia Britannica ''Fiqh'' is of ...

Qur'anic statements

The Arabic term ''mansak or mansik'', to which ''manāsik'' forms the plural, is nomen loci to the Arabic word ''nusuk''. The term ''nusuk'' occurs even in the Qur'an in

Sura A ''surah'' (; ; ) is an Arabic word meaning 'chapter' in the Quran. There are 114 ''suwar'' in the Quran, each divided into verses (). The ''suwar'' are of unequal length; the shortest ''surah'' ( al-Kawthar) has only three verses, while the ...

2:196, where it refers to a sacrifice that has to be made as a substitute if the pilgrim prematurely cuts his hair. As a nomen loci, the term mansak thus refers to a place of sacrifice. However, it has undergone a change of meaning over time. Even in the Qur'an itself, the term is used for certain sacrificial rites. In this sense, the term already appears in two places in the 22nd Sura named after the Hajj, in verse 34 and verse 67. In addition, the plural term occurs twice in Quran 2 in connection with pilgrimage. In the first passage, Quran 2:128,

Abraham Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrews, Hebrew Patriarchs (Bible), patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father who began the Covenant (biblical), covenanta ...

addresses the petition to God to show him and his Muslim offspring the rites (manasik). In the second passage, Sura 2:200, believers are called upon to commemorate the manasik of God, as they had inherited thought of their fathers. The term is already used in the Qur'an for the entirety of the pilgrimage ceremonies.

History

One of the earliest experts in manāsik was the Prophet's Companion Abdullah ibn Umar. From him, it is reported that he alternately went one year to Hajj and the other year to 'Umrah. During the pilgrimage season (''mausim'') he was then active as

Mufti A mufti (; , ) is an Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion ('' fatwa'') on a point of Islamic law (''sharia''). The act of issuing fatwas is called ''iftāʾ''. Muftis and their ''fatāwa'' have played an important role thro ...

. Together with

Abd Allah ibn Abbas ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbbās (; c. 619 – 687 CE), also known as Ibn ʿAbbās, was one of the cousins of the prophet Muhammad. He is considered to be the greatest mufassir of the Qur'an. He was the son of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of ...

he delivered his

Fatwa A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist ('' faqih'') in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a ''mufti'', ...

- Sessions on the arrival of the pilgrims. One of the earliest monographic treatises on the entirety of the pilgrimage rites is the Kitāb al-Manāsik of (died 735/6). The first part of this work is preserved in the tradition of his disciple Sa'īd ibn Abī'Arūba (died 773). Later, numerous other Manāsik works were written. As reported by Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, who was in Mecca at the end of the 19th century, the Manasik were taught to the pilgrims in their own colleges before the pilgrimage began.Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: "Mecca. Volume II: From Today's Life". Nijhoff, Hague, 1888-1889. P. 292
Digitalisat
/ref> There are several general guidelines for Umrah and HajjGeneral Ethical Guidelines When Umrah / Hajj
/ref> that must be known by pilgrims when in Medina and Mecca wants to do Hajj or Umrah. Things which may not be applied in the country should be done in the Holy Land such as maintaining courtesy towards other people from many countries. We must do this so that our worship is smooth and fervent.

Exemplary construction of a Manāsik teaching book

The following is an example overview of the chapters of the work of Rahmatallāh as-Sindī with the commentary of al-Qārī: # Requirements for the Hajj (''šara'it al-hajj'', page 6). # The Duties of Hajj (''fara'id al-hajj'', p. 21) # The Places to Enter the

Ihram ''Ihram'' (, from the Semitic root Ḥ-R-M) is a sacred state which a Muslim must enter to perform the Hajj, Ḥajj (major pilgrimage) or (minor pilgrimage) in Islam. A pilgrim must enter into this state before crossing the pilgrimage boundary ...

(''al-mawaqit'', p. 26) # Entry into the state of consecration (''al-ihram'', p. 31) # Entering Mecca (''duhul Makka '', p. 53) # The different types of

Tawaf The Kaaba (), also spelled Kaba, Kabah or Kabah, sometimes referred to as al-Kaba al-Musharrafa (), is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and Holiest sites in Islam, holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Sa ...

(''anwa' al-atwifa'', p. 62). # Running between Safa and Marwa (''as-sa'i baina s-Safa wa-l-Marwa ä'', p. 115) # The Khutba (''al-khutba'', p. 89) # Standing at

Mount Arafat Mount Arafat (, or ) is a granodiorite hill about southeast of Mecca, in the Makkah Province, province of the same name in Saudi Arabia. It is approximately in height, with its highest point sitting at an elevation of . The Prophet Muhammad, ...

and its rules (''wuquf'Arafāt wa-ahkamu-hu'', p. 92) # The Rules of

Muzdalifah Muzdalifah () is an open and level area near Mecca in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia that is associated with the ("Pilgrimage"). It lies just southeast of Mina, on the route between Mina and Arafat. In Pre-Islamic times the Hums being the ...

(''ahkam al-Muzdalifa'', p. 106) # The sacrificial rites of Minā (''manasik minā'', p. 111) # The

of the visit (''tawaf az-ziyara'', p. 116) # Throwing the stones and its rules (''ramy al-jimar wa-ahkamu-hu'', p. 119) # The Farewell Circulation (''tawaf as-sadar'', p. 127) # The connection of Hajj and 'Umra (''al-qirān'', p. 130) # The Tamattu (''at-tamattu'' p. 139), a combination of Hajj and 'Umra, in which the pilgrim leaves the state of consecration in between. # The connection of two Hajj or 'Umrah pilgrimages (''al-jam'bain an-nusukain al-muttahidain'', p. 147) # Completion of one of the two pilgrimage types (''idafat ahad an-nusukain'', p. 150) # The abrogation of the ihram of Hajj and 'Umra (''fash ihram al-hajj wa-l-'umra'', p. 152) # Violations (''al-jinayat'', p. 152) # The retribution of the offenses and the requisite atonement (''jaza' al-jinayat wa-kaffararu-ha'', p. 200) # The hindrance of the pilgrimage (''al-ihsar'', p. 219) # The passing of the pilgrimage (''al-fawat'', p. 230) # The Execution of the Pilgrimage for a Third Person (''al-hajj 'al-ghair'', p. 233) # the 'Umra (''al-'Umra'', p. 248) # the vow to Hajj or to 'Umra (''an-nadr bi-l-hajj wa-l-'umra'', p. 251) # Sacrificial animals (''al-hadaya'', p. 254) # Miscellaneous (''al-mutafarriqāt'', page 259). Among other things, the boundaries of the

Haram ''Haram'' (; ) is an Arabic term meaning 'taboo'. This may refer to either something sacred to which access is not allowed to the people who are not in a state of purity or who are not initiated into the sacred knowledge; or, in direct cont ...

and the ruler's duty to Kaaba's clothing are dealt with. # The

Visit Visit refer as go to see and spend time with socially. Visit may refer to: *State visit, a formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country *Conjugal visit, in which a prisoner is permitted to spend several hours or days in private with a visit ...

of the Lord of Messengers (''Ziyārat saiyid al-mursalīn'', p. 267) in

Medina Medina, officially al-Madinah al-Munawwarah (, ), also known as Taybah () and known in pre-Islamic times as Yathrib (), is the capital of Medina Province (Saudi Arabia), Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ...

References

{{Reflist Quranic words and phrases

Qur'anic statements

History

Further reading

Exemplary construction of a Manāsik teaching book

References