Manuel Iradier (b. Vitoria, 1854–1911) was a Spanish explorer of Africa. A student of philosophy and literature, he fell under the influence of

Henry Morton Stanley Sir Henry Morton Stanley (born John Rowlands; 28 January 1841 – 10 May 1904) was a Welsh-American explorer, journalist, soldier, colonial administrator, author, and politician famous for his exploration of Central Africa and search for missi ...

and turned to exploration.

History

From 1868 to 1874 he made preparations for an expedition to

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

. He founded a company to aid collaboration with others who had the same interests.

First Expedition

In 1874 he made his initial preparatory trip to the Gulf of Guinea, from where he planned to proceed towards the interior. During the expedition, Iradier – accompanied by his wife, sister-in-law and others, traveled almost from Aye up to the Muni River. In the course of the journey his wife gave birth to daughter Isabel. He followed the Utamboni river in an attempt to reach the Great Lakes and the mouth of the Muni. The expedition reached the islands of Corisco and Elobey Grande, as well as Inguinna and San Juan, the Utongo and Bathe rivers, as well as the Paluviole and the Saw of Crystal mountain ranges. The expedition had to turn back when the majority of the indigenous escort absconded. Isabel died in the course of the expedition. Iradier mapped the regions he had visited and, on his return to Spain, these were published by the Company of Africanists and Colonistas of Madrid.

Second Expedition

His second expedition began at the end of 1877 during which he recorded vocabularies and grammars of the languages of the tribes he encountered, as well as numerous astronomic, ethnographic, climatological and commercial observations.

Third Expedition

The company funded a third expedition that departed in July 1884. Iradier was accompanied by Dr. Ossorio, who participated as the delegate of the Africanists' Company. The trip crossed the territories he had already explored and reached the navigable limit of the river Utongo, from there following the Cóngue river up to the river Muni, down which they descended to coasts of the Buru, on the North-East of Corisco's Bay. Suffering from a high-fever and unable to continue, Iradier returned to Spain, arriving on 28 November 1884. In February 1885 he submitted to the Company of Africanists and Colonists of Madrid various documents, contracts of annexation and notarial deeds, incorporating the territories of the river Muni under Spanish sovereignty. Purportedly such sovereignty had been acknowledged by 101 indigenous leaders, covering an area of 14.000 square kilometres. These territories, known later as

Spanish Guinea Spanish Guinea () was a set of Insular Region (Equatorial Guinea), insular and Río Muni, continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in Central Africa. It gained independence in 1968 a ...

, remained under Spanish sovereignty until 1968.

Published works

Iradier published numerous works in which he documented his African experiences.

History

First Expedition

Second Expedition

Third Expedition

Published works

See also