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Mangaluru (), formerly called Mangalore ( ), is a major industrial port city in the
Indian state India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories, for a total of 36 subnational entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into 800 districts and smaller administrative divisions by the respe ...
of
Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...
and on the west coast of
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
. It is located between the
Laccadive Sea The Laccadive Sea ( ), also known as the Lakshadweep Sea, is a body of water bordering India (including its Lakshadweep islands), the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. It is located to the southwest of Karnataka, to the west of Kerala and to the south of ...
and the Western Ghats about west of
Bengaluru Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore (List of renamed places in India#Karnataka, its official name until 1 November 2014), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the southern States and union territories of India, Indian state of Kar ...
, the
state capital Below is an index of pages containing lists of capital city, capital cities. National capitals *List of national capitals *List of national capitals by latitude *List of national capitals by population *List of national capitals by area *List of ...
, north of
Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...
Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...
border and south of
Goa Goa (; ; ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the ...
. Mangaluru is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the
urban agglomeration An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas originate through urbanization, and researchers categorize them as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. In urbani ...
was 619,664  national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves. The city developed as a port in the Laccadive Sea during ancient times, and after Independence a new
port A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Hamburg, Manch ...
was constructed in 1968 and has since become a major port of India that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest
container port A container port, container terminal, or intermodal terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be between container ships and land v ...
. Mangaluru has been ruled by several major powers, including the
Mauryan empire The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia with its power base in Magadha. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya around c. 320 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE. The primary sourc ...
,
Kadambas The Kadamba dynasty were an ancient royal family from modern Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada, Uttara Kannada district in India. The kingdom was founded by Mayurash ...
,
Alupas The Alupa dynasty (ಅಳುಪೆರ್, ಆಳ್ವೆರ್) was an Indian Hindu dynasty that ruled from 200 to 1444 A.D. in Southern India. The kingdom they ruled was known as ''Alvakheda Arusasira'' and its territory spanned the coasta ...
,
Vijayanagar Empire The Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Kingdom, was a late medieval Hindu empire that ruled much of southern India. It was established in 1336 by the brothers Harihara I and Bukka Raya I of the Sangama dynasty, belonging to ...
, and Keladi Nayaks. The city was a source of contention between the
British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...
and the
Kingdom of Mysore The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysore and prevailed until 1950. The territorial boundaries and the form of government transmuted substantially ...
rulers
Hyder Ali Hyder Ali (''Haidar'alī''; ; 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Hyder Ali, he distinguished himself as a soldier, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's ...
and
Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultan (, , ''Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu''; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799) commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore", was a ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India. He was a pioneer of rocket artillery ...
, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangaluru remained part of the
Madras Presidency The Madras Presidency or Madras Province, officially called the Presidency of Fort St. George until 1937, was an administrative subdivision (province) of British India and later the Dominion of India. At its greatest extent, the presidency i ...
until
India's independence The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events in South Asia with the ultimate aim of ending British colonial rule. It lasted until 1947, when the Indian Independence Act 1947 was passed. The first nationalistic movement t ...
in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956. Mangaluru is one of the fastest developing cities in
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
. The
Dakshina Kannada Dakshina Kannada district is located in the states and territories of India, state of Karnataka in India, with its headquarters in the coastal city of Mangaluru. The district covers an area nestled in between the Western Ghats to its east and the ...
district with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bengaluru. Mangaluru is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub.
Mangaluru City Corporation The Mangaluru City Corporation is the municipal corporation responsible for overseeing the local administration of the Indian city of Mangaluru and it's suburbs, which are a major urban area and the most important port city of Karnataka st ...
is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil. Mangaluru is included as one of the cities in the
Smart Cities Mission Smart Cities Mission was an urban renewal and retrofitting program by the Government of India with the mission to develop smart cities across the country, making them citizen-friendly and sustainable. The Union Ministry of Urban Development ...
list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of above
mean sea level A mean is a quantity representing the "center" of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of the set of numbers. There are several kinds of means (or "measures of central tendency") in mathematics, especially in statist ...
. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. It has its own
international airport An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries. International airports are usually larger than domestic airports, and feature longer runways and have faciliti ...
which is around 15 km from the city centre.


Etymology

Mangaluru was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the
Mangaladevi Temple The Mangaladevi Temple is a Hindu temple at Bolara in the city of Mangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is situated about three kilometres southwest of the city centre. The temple is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shakti / Parvati in ...
, or a synonym of the goddess Tara of the
Vajrayana ''Vajrayāna'' (; 'vajra vehicle'), also known as Mantrayāna ('mantra vehicle'), Guhyamantrayāna ('secret mantra vehicle'), Tantrayāna ('tantra vehicle'), Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, is a Mahāyāna Buddhism, Mahāyāna Buddhis ...
Buddhist Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
sect. According to local legend, a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of
Matsyendranath Matsyendranātha, also known as Matsyendra, Macchindranāth, Mīnanātha and Minapa (early 10th century) was a saint and yogi in a number of Buddhism, Buddhist and Hinduism, Hindu traditions. He is considered the revivalist of hatha yoga as we ...
, the founder of the
Nath Natha, also called Nath (), are a Shaivism, Shaiva sub-tradition within Hinduism in India and Nepal. A medieval movement, it combined ideas from Buddhism, Shaivism, Tantra and Yoga traditions of the Indian subcontinent.
tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her ''Mangaladevi''. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath, but had to settle near
Bolar In Irish mythology, Balor or Balar was a leader of the Fomorians, a group of malevolent supernatural beings, and considered the most formidable. He is often described as a giant with a large eye that wreaks destruction when opened. Balor takes ...
in Mangaluru because she fell ill on the way. When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour. The city was named for the temple. One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE when
Pandyan The Pandya dynasty (), also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras. Existing sinc ...
King Chettian called the city ''Mangalapuram''. The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom. According to K.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India, ''Mangaluru'' was first used in 1345 CE during
Vijayanagara Vijayanagara () is a city located in Vijayanagara district of Karnataka state in India.Vijayanagara
rule. Many ''shilashasanas'' (stones) of the Vijayanagara period refer the city as ''Mangalapura''. During the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as ''Mangalapura'' (''Mangala'' means 'auspicious'). In the Kannada language, the city is known as ''Mangaluru'', a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix ''uru'' means town or city). Mangaluru was historically an important centre of
Indian Ocean trade Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges throughout history. Long-distance maritime trade by Austronesian trade ships and South Asian and Middle Eastern dhows, made it a dynamic zone of interaction between peoples, cu ...
on the
Malabar coast The Malabar Coast () is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It generally refers to the West Coast of India, western coastline of India stretching from Konkan to Kanyakumari. Geographically, it comprises one of the wettest regio ...
. Hence, it was also known by the name ''Manjalūr'' in
Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
. During British rule from 1799, the
anglicised Anglicisation or anglicization is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England. It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English place adopts the English language ...
version ''Mangalore'' became the official appellation. According to historian
George M. Moraes George Mark Moraes (11 May 1905 – 16 April 1994), known by his pen name George M. Moraes, was an Indian historian, writer, and professor. He has over 29 historical and research works to his name which were published in 74 publications and 542 ...
, however, the word ''Mangalore'' is the Portuguese corruption of ''Mangaluru''. The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652  Sanson Map of India. Mangaluru's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu, which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called ''Kudla'' (), meaning ''junction'' because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and
Gurupura Gurupura, Karnataka, India is a small town situated on the Phalguni, or Gurupura River. It is located about 345 kilometres (214 miles) west of Bangalore, the state capital, and 13 kilometres (8 miles) east of Mangalore, Karnataka's chief port ...
rivers. In Konkani, Mangaluru is referred to as ''Kodiyal'' (), the Byari name for the city is ''Maikala'' (), and in
Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...
, the city is called "Mangalapuram" () meaning auspicious city (same mangala as the Kannada term). Mangalore was officially renamed "Mangaluru" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014.


History


Early and medieval history

Mangaluru's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. During the first century CE, the Roman historian
Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 79), known in English as Pliny the Elder ( ), was a Roman Empire, Roman author, Natural history, naturalist, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the Roman emperor, emperor Vesp ...
referred to a place called "Nitrias" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity, while Greek second-century historian
Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; , ; ; – 160s/170s AD) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine science, Byzant ...
referenced a place named "Nitra". These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore. In his sixth-century work ''
Christian Topography The ''Christian Topography'' (, ) is a 6th-century work, one of the earliest essays in scientific geography written by a Christian author. It originally consisted of five books written by Cosmas Indicopleustes and expanded to ten and eventually t ...
'',
Cosmas Indicopleustes Cosmas Indicopleustes (; also known as Cosmas the Monk) was a merchant and later hermit from Alexandria in Egypt. He was a 6th-century traveller who made several voyages to India during the reign of emperor Justinian. His work '' Christian Topogr ...
(a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and ''Mangarouth'' (port of Mangaluru) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper. According to Kerala Muslim tradition, the Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in
Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...
. According to the
Legend of Cheraman Perumals The Rulers of the Chera dynasty can be * Rulers of early historic Chera polity * Medieval Chera rulers ** Chera rulers from Vanchi Karur (Karur) ** Chera rulers from Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur) ** Chera rulers of Thagadur (Dharmapuri) Ruler ...
, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at
Kodungallur Kodungallur (; formerly also called as Cranganore (anglicised name), Portuguese language, Portuguese: Cranganor; Mahodayapuram, Shingly, Vanchi, Muchiri, Muyirikkode, and Muziris) is a historically significant town situated on the banks of Per ...
with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of
Chera dynasty The Chera dynasty ( or Cēra, ), also known as Keralaputra, from the early historic or the Sangam period in Tamil-speaking southern India, ruled over parts of present-day states Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The Cheras, known as one of the mu-ventar ...
, who left from
Dharmadom Dharmadom or Dharmadam is a census village in Thalassery City in Kannur district in the state of Kerala, India. This town is located in between Anjarakandi River and Ummanchira River, and Palayad town and Arabian Sea. It is known for the 100-y ...
to
Mecca Mecca, officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia; it is the Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. It is inland from Jeddah on the Red Sea, in a narrow valley above ...
and converted to
Islam Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...
during the lifetime of
Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...
(c. 570–632). According to ''
Qissat Shakarwati Farmad ''Qissat Shakarwati Farmad'' (alternatively ''Qissat Shakruti Firmad'', literally ''"Tale of the Great Chera Ruler"'') is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship.O. Loth, ''Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office'' (London: Secr ...
'', the ''Masjids'' at
Kodungallur Kodungallur (; formerly also called as Cranganore (anglicised name), Portuguese language, Portuguese: Cranganor; Mahodayapuram, Shingly, Vanchi, Muchiri, Muyirikkode, and Muziris) is a historically significant town situated on the banks of Per ...
,
Kollam Kollam (;), is an ancient seaport and the List of cities and towns in Kerala, fourth largest city in the Indian state of Kerala. Located on the southern tip of the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea, the city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake ...
,
Madayi Madayi (a.k.a. Madai). is a Census Town and Grama panchayat in Kannur district of Kerala state, India. Demographics As of 2011 Census, Madayi had a population of 35,888 which constitutes 16,168 (45.1%) males and 19,720 (54.9%) females. ...
,
Barkur Barkur (also spelt Barcoor) is an area in the Brahmavara taluk, Udupi district of Karnataka state in India, comprising three villages, Hosala, Hanehalli, and Kachoor. The area is located on the bank of River Seetha. It is also referred to as a ...
, Mangaluru,
Kasaragod Kasaragod () is a municipal town and the administrative headquarters of the Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India. Established in 1966, Kasaragod was the first municipal town in the district. It is the northernmost district of Kera ...
,
Kannur Kannur (), formerly known in English as Cannanore, is a city and Municipal corporation (India), municipal corporation in the state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated north of the maj ...
,
Dharmadam Dharmadom or Dharmadam is a census town, census village in Thalassery City in Kannur district in the state of Kerala, India. This town is located in between Anjarakandi River and Ummanchira River, and Palayad town and Arabian Sea. It is known f ...
, Panthalayani (
Koyilandy Koyilandy (;A Survey of Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon)is a major town Nagar Palika, municipality and a Tehsil, taluk in Kozhikode district, Kerala on the Malabar Coast. The historical town is located right in the middle of the coast of Koz ...
), and
Chaliyam Chaliyam is a village situated at the estuary of Chaliyar (River Beypore) in Kozhikode district of Kerala, India. Chaliyam forms an island, bounded by the Chaliyar in the north, and River Kadalundi in south, and the Conolly Canal in the east. ...
, were built during the era of
Malik Dinar Malik Dinar (, Malayalam: മാലിക് ദീനാര്‍) (died 748 CE)Al-Hujwiri, "Kashf al-Mahjoob", 89 was a Muslim scholar and traveller. He was one of the first known Muslims to have come to India in order to teach Islam in the I ...
; they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in
Indian Subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...
.Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98. It is believed that
Malik Dinar Malik Dinar (, Malayalam: മാലിക് ദീനാര്‍) (died 748 CE)Al-Hujwiri, "Kashf al-Mahjoob", 89 was a Muslim scholar and traveller. He was one of the first known Muslims to have come to India in order to teach Islam in the I ...
died at
Thalangara Thalangara is a part of Kasaragod Town, the district headquarters of the Kasaragod district in the South Indian state of Kerala. Malik Denar Juma Masjid and Dargah is located here. Its economy is dependent on remittance from expatriate workers ...
in
Kasaragod Kasaragod () is a municipal town and the administrative headquarters of the Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India. Established in 1966, Kasaragod was the first municipal town in the district. It is the northernmost district of Kera ...
town.Pg 58, Cultural heritage of
Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...
: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978
Three of them, Mangaluru,
Barkur Barkur (also spelt Barcoor) is an area in the Brahmavara taluk, Udupi district of Karnataka state in India, comprising three villages, Hosala, Hanehalli, and Kachoor. The area is located on the bank of River Seetha. It is also referred to as a ...
, and
Kasaragod Kasaragod () is a municipal town and the administrative headquarters of the Kasaragod district in the state of Kerala, India. Established in 1966, Kasaragod was the first municipal town in the district. It is the northernmost district of Kera ...
, are in
Tulu Nadu Tulu Nadu, or Tulunad, is a region and Proposed states and union territories of India, proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (pl. 'Tuluver') are speakers of Tulu language, Tulu, a Dravidian langu ...
. Mangaluru is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the
Maurya The Maurya Empire was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia with its power base in Magadha. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya around c. 320 BCE, it existed in loose-knit fashion until 185 BCE. The primary sourc ...
Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor
Ashoka Ashoka, also known as Asoka or Aśoka ( ; , ; – 232 BCE), and popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was List of Mauryan emperors, Emperor of Magadha from until #Death, his death in 232 BCE, and the third ruler from the Mauryan dynast ...
of
Magadha Magadha was a region and kingdom in ancient India, based in the eastern Ganges Plain. It was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas during the Second Urbanization period. The region was ruled by several dynasties, which overshadowed, conquered, and ...
. From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in
Banavasi Banavasi is an ancient temple town located near Sirsi in Karnataka. Banavasi was the ancient capital of the Kadamba dynasty that ruled all of modern-day Karnataka state. They were the first native empire to bring Kannada and Karnataka to pro ...
in
North Canara Uttara Kannada is a fifth largest district in the Indian state of Karnataka, It is bordered by the state of Goa and Belagavi districts to the north, Dharwad District and Haveri District to the east, Shivamogga District, and Udupi District to ...
, ruled over the entire
Canara Kanara or Canara, also known as Karāvali, is the historically significant stretch of land situated by the southwestern Konkan coast of India, alongside the Arabian Sea in the present-day Indian state of Karnataka. The subregion comprises thr ...
region as independent rulers. From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers, who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the
Chalukyas of Badami The Chalukya dynasty () was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynast ...
,
Rashtrakutas The Rashtrakuta Empire was a royal Indian polity ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the 6th and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta Indian inscriptions, inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing th ...
of
Manyakheta Malkheda originally known as Manyakheta (IAST: Mānyakheṭa, Prakrit: "Mannakheḍa"), and also known as Malkhed,Village code= 311400 Malkhed (J), Gulbarga, Karnataka is a town in Karnataka, India. It is located on the banks of Kagina river ...
,
Chalukyas of Kalyani The Western Chalukya Empire ( ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada dynasty is sometimes called the ''Kalyani Chalukya'' after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan i ...
, and
Hoysalas The Hoysala Kingdom was a kingdom originating from the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, parts of Tamilnadu and South-Western Telangana between the 11th and the 14th centuries CE. The capital of the Hoysalas was i ...
of
Dwarasamudra Halebidu (IAST: Haḷēbīḍ, literally "old capital, city, encampment" or "ruined city") is a town located in Hassan District, Karnataka, India. Historically known as Dwārasamudra (also Dorasamudra), Halebidu became the regal capital of the ...
. An
Old Malayalam Old Malayalam, or Early Malayalam, the inscriptional variety found in Kerala from ''c.'' mid-9th to ''c.'' 13th century CE, is the earliest attested form of Malayalam language. The language was employed in several administrative records and tran ...
inscription (part of the
Ramanthali inscriptions Ramanthali inscriptions, also known as Ezhimala-Narayankannur inscriptions, are two medieval stone epigraphs from Ramanthali, near Ezhimala in Kannur district, Kerala. The first inscription, mentioning Mushika (Malayalam: Ezhimala) Validhara Vikr ...
which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of
Alupa dynasty The Alupa dynasty (ಅಳುಪೆರ್, ಆಳ್ವೆರ್) was an India, Indian Hindu dynasty that ruled from 200 to 1444 A.D. in Southern India. The kingdom they ruled was known as ''Alvakheda Arusasira'' and its territory spanned the T ...
of Mangalore. It can be found at
Ezhimala Ezhimala, a hill reaching a height of , is located near Payyanur, in Kannur district of Kerala, South India. It is a part of a conspicuous and isolated cluster of hills, forming a promontory, north of Kannur (Cannanore). The Indian Naval Acad ...
(the former headquarters of
Mushika dynasty Mushika dynasty, also spelled Mushaka, also Eli or Ezhi, was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi (Ezhimala) in present-day Kannur, northern Kerala, south India. The country of the Ezhimala, ruled by ...
) near
Cannanore Kannur (), formerly known in English as Cannanore, is a city and municipal corporation in the state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated north of the major port city and commercial hub ...
, in the
North Malabar North Malabar refers to the geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala State, Kerala's present day Kasaragod district, Kasaragod and Kannur district, Kannur districts, Mananthavady taluk of the Wayanad District, Wayanad distr ...
region of
Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...
. During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110–1160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju. The Moroccan traveller
Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta (; 24 February 13041368/1369), was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. Over a period of 30 years from 1325 to 1354, he visited much of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Near the end of his life, Ibn ...
, who visited Mangaluru in 1342, referred to it as ''Manjarur'' and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the ''Estuary of the wolf'', which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar. By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control. During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangaluru and Barkur ''rajyas'' (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and
Barkur Barkur (also spelt Barcoor) is an area in the Brahmavara taluk, Udupi district of Karnataka state in India, comprising three villages, Hosala, Hanehalli, and Kachoor. The area is located on the bank of River Seetha. It is also referred to as a ...
. Often a single governor ruled over both Mangaluru and Barkur ''rajyas''; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550–1763), they only had a governor at Barkur. In 1448 Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of
Samarkand Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central As ...
, visited Mangaluru ''en route'' to the Vijayanagara court. The Italian traveller
Ludovico di Varthema Ludovico di Varthema, also known as Barthema and Vertomannus (c. 1470 – 1517), was an Italian traveller, diarist and aristocrat known for being one of the first non-Muslim Europeans to enter Mecca as a Hajj, pilgrim. Nearly everything that is ...
, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.


Foundation and early modern history

In 1498, European influence in Mangaluru began when the Portuguese explorer
Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama ( , ; – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India, first European to reach India by sea. Da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499) was the first to link ...
landed at the nearby
St Mary's Islands St. Mary's Islands, also known as Thonsepar, are a set of four small islands in the Arabian Sea, off the coast of Malpe in Udupi, Karnataka, India. They are known for their distinctive geological formation of columnar rhyolitic lava (pictured) ...
, just after his arrival at
Koyilandy Koyilandy (;A Survey of Kerala History, A. Shreedhara Menon)is a major town Nagar Palika, municipality and a Tehsil, taluk in Kozhikode district, Kerala on the Malabar Coast. The historical town is located right in the middle of the coast of Koz ...
,
Kozhikode Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the City of Literature, UNESCO's Cities of Literature. It is the nineteenth large ...
. The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century.
Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1509 to 1529 and the third ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. Widely regarded as one of the greatest rulers in Indian history, he presided over t ...
(1509–1529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese, whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and
Mappila Malabar Muslims or Muslim Mappilas are members of the Muslim community found predominantly in Kerala and the Lakshadweep islands in Southern India. The term Mappila (Ma-Pilla) is used to describe Malabar Muslims in Northern Kerala. Muslims sh ...
trade. In 1524,
Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama ( , ; – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India, first European to reach India by sea. Da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499) was the first to link ...
ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of
Kozhikode Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the City of Literature, UNESCO's Cities of Literature. It is the nineteenth large ...
had agents at Mangaluru and
Basrur Basrur / Basroor is a village in Kundapura ''taluk'' in Udupi district of Karnataka. Historically Basrur was also called Barcelor, Barcelore, Barcalor, Basnur, Bares, Abu-Sarur and Barsellor. History Basrur, once called Vasupura, is a historic ...
. In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangaluru. The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands. In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara. By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara. The 16th century work ''
Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen ''Tuhfat al-Mujahidin fi ba‘d Akhbar al-Burtughaliyin'' (Arabic:تحفة المجاهدين في بعض اخبار البرتغاليين, often shortened as ''Tuhfat al-Mujahidin'') is a historical work by Zainuddin Makhdoom II on the struggle ...
'' written by
Zainuddin Makhdoom II Sheikh Ahmad Zainuddin Makhdoom bin Sheikh Muhammad Al Ghazzali (Arabic: شيخ احمد زين الدين بن شيخ محمد غزالي المليباري; Ahmad Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad al-Ghazāli al-Malibári), grandson of Sheikh Zainu ...
appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangaluru. It is written in
Arabic Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns lang ...
and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of
Kunjali Marakkar Kunjali Marakkar was the title inherited by the Admiral of the fleet of the Zamorin, King Samoothiri / Zamorin, the King of Calicut, in present-day Kerala, India. There were four Marakkars whose war tactics defended against the Portuguese Emp ...
alongside the
Zamorin The Samoothiri (Anglicised as Zamorin; Malayalam: , , Arabic: ''Sāmuri'', Portuguese: ''Samorim'', Dutch: ''Samorijn'', Chinese: ''Shamitihsi''Ma Huan's Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores' 433 Translated and Edi ...
of
Calicut Kozhikode (), also known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the City of Literature, UNESCO's Cities of Literature. It is the nineteenth large ...
from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize
Tulu Nadu Tulu Nadu, or Tulunad, is a region and Proposed states and union territories of India, proposed state on the southwestern coast of India. The Tulu people, known as 'Tuluva' (pl. 'Tuluver') are speakers of Tulu language, Tulu, a Dravidian langu ...
and
Malabar coast The Malabar Coast () is the southwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. It generally refers to the West Coast of India, western coastline of India stretching from Konkan to Kanyakumari. Geographically, it comprises one of the wettest regio ...
.A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Book

/ref>Roland E. Miller. ''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015 After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region. They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist. The governor of Mangaluru also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province. The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623–1624. In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade. In 1763,
Hyder Ali Hyder Ali (''Haidar'alī''; ; 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born as Hyder Ali, he distinguished himself as a soldier, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's ...
, the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangaluru, which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangaluru was ruled by the
British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...
from 1767 to 1783, but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it "Jalalabad". The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the signing of the
Treaty of Mangalore The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangaluru and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Background Hyder Ali became dalwai Dalavayi of Mysore b ...
by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.
Francis Buchanan Francis Buchanan (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish surgeon, surveyor and botanist who made significant contributions as a geographer and zoolo ...
, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade. The main commodity of export was rice; it went to
Muscat Muscat (, ) is the capital and most populous city in Oman. It is the seat of the Governorate of Muscat. According to the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the population of the Muscat Governorate in 2022 was 1.72 million. ...
, Bombay,
Goa Goa (; ; ) is a state on the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the ...
, and Malabar district, Malabar. ''Supari'' (Areca nut, Betel-nut) was exported to Bombay, Surat, and Kutch. Sandalwood and black pepper were exported to Bombay. Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there. After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region. The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation. Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangaluru tiles. When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara, which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency.


Later modern and contemporary history

On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangaluru with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865). The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare. Mangaluru was linked to the Southern Railway (India), Southern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country. Mangaluru was a major source of educated workers to Bombay, Bengaluru, and the Middle East by the early 20th century. The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangaluru being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka. Mangaluru is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Laccadive Sea coastline. Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangaluru develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub.


Geography

Mangaluru is located on the western coast of India at in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state. It has an average elevation of above mean sea level. The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre. Mangaluru is bounded by the Laccadive Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east. As a municipal entity the city spans . The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city. The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Laccadive Sea. Coconut, Arecaceae, palm, and Saraca indica, ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city. The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats. The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore. The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone.


Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangaluru has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Laccadive Sea branch of the southwest monsoon. It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May and September but remains extremely dry from December to March. Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August. The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January. Mangaluru experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night. The driest and least humid months are from December to February. During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below and drop to about at night. The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur is on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is on 19 November 1974. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangaluru has never reached . The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats. The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October. The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is on 22 June 2003. In 1994, Mangaluru recorded its highest annual rainfall at .


Economy

Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy. The Dakshina Kannada district with its administrative headquarters at Mangaluru has the highest Per Capita Income and Gross State Domestic Product in Karnataka, after Bengaluru. The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port. It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts. The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of during 2012–13 and . During 2012–13, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, MRPL and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers, MCF contributed and , respectively, to the state's revenue. Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka. Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and timber. The city's major chemical industries include BASF, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Hindustan Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), Indian Oil Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Total S.A., Total Oil India Limited, and Hindustan Unilever. The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangaluru and Padur to ensure energy security. Out of the 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangaluru. Bharati Defence And Infrastructure Limited, Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near Tannirbavi in Mangaluru. Global inspection, testing, verification and certification companies such as SGS S.A., SGS and Bureau Veritas have their offices in Mangaluru. Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Cognizant, and Thomson Reuters have their offices at Mangaluru. Mphasis' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city. IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University have been constructed. An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu. Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has planned to invest and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore. KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at Derebail in Mangaluru, similar to Electronic City, spanning an area of 100 acres. Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning, Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL) is a startup incubation centre situated in the city. Corporation Bank, Canara Bank, and Vijaya Bank were the three nationalised banks established in Mangaluru during the first half of the 20th century. Mangaluru is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank. The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd., Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd., and SCDCC Bank were the scheduled banks established in Mangaluru. Syngene International which is a contract research arm of Biocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangaluru. Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangaluru, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor. The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04. New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017–18. Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction. The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories. The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents.


Demographics

In 2021 the population of Mangaluru city was 724,159. According to the 2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent. About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years. The Mortality rate, death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively. About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangaluru city which was 1.55 percent of the total population. The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangaluru city was 0.83 .


Religions

Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangaluru, and Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunt (community), Bunts, Vishwakarma (caste), Vishwakarma, Padmashali, Brahmins, and Daivadnyas are the major communities among Hindus. Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalurean society; Mangalorean Catholics comprise the city's largest Christian community. Mangalorean Protestants, Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Tulu and Kannada. Anglo-Indians were also part of the Mangalurean Christian Community. Mangaluru has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities. Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys who speak the Beary language. Most of them follow the Shafi'i school of ''Fiqh'' (Islamic Jurisprudence). Mangaluru also has a small group of Urdu-speaking Dakhini Muslims. The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangaluru is one of the oldest mosques in the
Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...
. Mangaluru contains a Gurdwara and Baháʼí Faith, Baháʼí prayer centre established in 1972.


Languages

Mangaluru is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken. The city is known as ''Kudla'' in Tulu, ''Kodial'' in Konkani, ''Maikāla'' in Beary, ''Mangalapuram'' in Malayalam, and ''Mangaluru'' in Kannada. Among most of the residents of the city, ''Kudla'' is the most commonly used name to refer to it. There are also smaller communities of Jain Bunt, Tuluva Jains, Gujarati people, Gujaratis, Tamils, and Marathi people, Marathis. Tulu is a predominant language in Mangaluru and Kannada is the administrative language of Mangaluru, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 census, Tulu is spoken as a first language by 39.24% of the population, Konkani language, Konkani by 16.42%, Kannada by 15.11%,Byari dialect, Beary by 13.13%,
Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of ...
by 6.39%,Urdu language, Urdu by 2.52%,Hindi language, Hindi by 2.10%,Tamil language, Tamil by 1.91%,Telugu language, Telugu by 0.96%, and other languages are spoken by 2.23%. Unlike other cities in
Karnataka Karnataka ( ) is a States and union territories of India, state in the southwestern region of India. It was Unification of Karnataka, formed as Mysore State on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, States Re ...
where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is the predominant language in Mangaluru, and Konkani language, Konkani is the second most spoken language in Mangaluru.


Government and public services


Civic administration

Mangaluru has a city area of . Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east. Mangaluru City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are called ''corporators'', one from each of the city's 60 Ward (electoral subdivision), wards. A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor. MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh, Mangalore, Lalbagh. Mangaluru Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city. The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA. The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangaluru Smart City Limited (MSCL). Until the Delimitation commission's revised the ''Lok Sabha'' and the legislative constituencies, Mangaluru contributed two members to the ''Lok Sabha''; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency), Mangalore ''Lok Sabha'' constituency and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency), Udupi ''Lok Sabha'' constituency. After the Boundary delimitation, delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore ''Lok Sabha'' constituency was replaced with Dakshina Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency), Dakshina Kannada ''Lok Sabha'' constituency, resulting in Mangalore being represented by one Member of parliament, Lok Sabha, Member of Parliament (MP). Additionally Mangaluru sends three members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mangalore City South (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Mangalore City South, Mangalore City North (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Mangalore City North, and Mangalore (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Mangalore. The Mangaluru City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Mangaluru is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western Districts of Karnataka#Divisions and Districts, districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).


Healthcare

The city is served by various hospitals such as the KMC Hospital, Mangalore, KMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI), AJ Hospital, and Wenlock District Hospital, Wenlock Hospital. Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of Kasturba Medical College, KMC Mangaluru has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts. Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries. From 2017 to 2019, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city. Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the United States. At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017–19. The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Gulf countries. Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangaluru.


Utility services

In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM). Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants. Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, from Mangaluru. The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system. The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company Suez Environnement. Mangaluru's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor. The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department. Mangaluru is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka. Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. Prominent Broadband Internet access, broadband internet service providers in the city include Bharti Airtel, Airtel and BSNL Broadband, DataOne by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.


Education

The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. Deralakatte is a university and Medical town in Mangaluru where Universities like Mangalore University, NITTE, Nitte, Yenepoya University, Yenepoya, Father Muller Charitable Institutions, Father Mullers, and Kanachur are situated. In schools and colleges which are below university-level, the medium of instruction, media of instruction are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities. Schools and colleges in Mangaluru are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals. Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards. Here are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangaluru, and their years of establishment *Basel Evangelical School, Mangalore, Basel Evangelical School (1838) *Milagres School, Mangalore, Milagres School (1848) *Rosario High School, Pandeshwar, Rosario High School (1858) *University College, Mangalore, University College (1868) *St. Ann's High School, Mangalore, St. Ann's High School (1870) *St. Aloysius College (Mangalore), St. Aloysius College (1879) *Canara High School (1891) *St. Agnes PU College, Mangalore, St. Agnes PU College (1921) *St. Agnes College, Mangaluru, St. Agnes College (Autonomous) (1921) *Sacred Hearts' School, Mangalore, Sacred Hearts' School (1943) *Jeppu#Educational institutions, Cascia High School (1946) *Carmel School, Mangalore, Carmel School (1951) Kasturba Medical College which was established in 1953, was India's first private Medical school, medical college and Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987. A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at Mannagudda. Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980 to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi District, Udupi and Kodagu districts. It is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution. NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by Indian Space Research Organization, ISRO.


Transport

Mangaluru is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO airport code, ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about north-east of Mangalore city centre. It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East. It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka. New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements. This airport is accredited by the Airports Council International, Airports Council International (ACI) under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme. State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport. Five National highways of India, National Highways pass through Mangaluru. National Highway 66 (India), NH-66 (previously known as National Highway 17 (India), NH-17), which runs from Panvel, Maharashtra, to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, passes through Mangaluru in a north–south direction. National Highway 75 (India), NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to
Bengaluru Bengaluru, also known as Bangalore (List of renamed places in India#Karnataka, its official name until 1 November 2014), is the Capital city, capital and largest city of the southern States and union territories of India, Indian state of Kar ...
and Vellore. National Highway 169 (India), NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangaluru to Shimoga. National Highway 73 (India), NH-73, a -long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur. National Highway 275 (India), NH-275 also connects Mangaluru with Bengaluru via Mysuru. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on National Highway 66 (India), NH-66 and BC Road junction on National Highway 75 (India), NH-75. Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four. Mangaluru's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangaluru are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA). Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangaluru with other parts of the state. KSRTC Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits. Rail connectivity in Mangaluru was established in 1907; the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route. The city has three railway stations; Mangalore Central at Hampankatta, Mangalore Junction at Padil, and Surathkal railway station. A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with Sakleshpur and Hassan, India, Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006 and passenger traffic in December 2007. Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Mumbai, Pune, Bhatkal, Karwar, Surat, Ajmer, and Margao through the Konkan Railway. Mangaluru Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes, and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, Petroleum, crude products and Liquefied petroleum gas, LPG containers. The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port. The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka. Travel visa#571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=Electronic visas=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886=571886 571886/6886 571886, Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port.


Culture


Music and dance

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangaluru. ''Yakshagana'' is a night-long dance and drama performance while ''Hulivesha, Pilivesha'' (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during ''Navaratri, Dasara'' and ''Krishna Janmashtami''. ''Karadi Vesha'' (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during ''Dasara''. ''Paddanas'', ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats. The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as ''Kolkai'' (sung during ''Kolata'', a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), ''Unjal Pat'' (traditional lullaby), ''Moilanji Pat'' and ''Oppune Pat'' (sung at weddings). The ''Evkaristik Purshanv'' (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year.


Festivals

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as ''Mangaluru Ratha Yatra, Rathotsava'' (chariot festival) is unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community and is celebrated at the city's Padutirupathi, Sri Venkatramana Temple. The Mangaluru Catholic community's unique festivals include ''Monti Fest'' (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests. The ''Jain Milan'', a committee that consists of Jain community, Jain families, organises the annual Jain food festival, while ''Mosaru Kudike'' (curd pots feast), which is part of ''Krishna Janmashtami'' festival is celebrated by the whole community. Special night prayers called Tarawih, Taraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of Ramadan. ''Aati'', a festival worshiping ''Aati kalenja, Kalenja'', a patron spirit of the city, is during the ''Aashaadha'' month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as ''Karavali Utsav'' (coastal festival) and ''Kudlotsava'' (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music. ''Bhuta Kola'' (spirit worship) is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in
Kerala Kerala ( , ) is a States and union territories of India, state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile ...
. ''Nagaradhane'' (snake worship) is performed in praise of ''Nāga, Naga Devatha'' (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes. ''Kori Katta'', an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas, a religious and spiritual Cockfight (Sacred), cockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police.


Cuisine

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region. Coconut, curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalurean curries. Well-known Mangalorean dishes include kori rotti, neer dosa, pundi (rice ball), patrode, Mangalore bajji, golibaje and Mangalore buns. Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like ''Mackerel as food, bangude pulimunchi'' (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), ''Sardines as food, boothai gasi'' (sardine semi-gravy), ''Spanish mackerel, anjal'' fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, and Chicken Ghee Roast. Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet. The Konkani people, Konkani Hindu community's specialties include ''daali thoy'' (lentil curry), ''bibbe-upkari'' (tender cashew-nut curry), ''val val'' (coconut-milk-based curry), ''ambat'' (vegetable-based coconut curry), ''avnas ambe sasam'' (pineapple-mango fruit salad), ''kadgi chakko'' (raw jackfruit-coconut curry), ''paagila podi'' (Momordica dioica, spine gourd fries), and ''chane gashi'' (chickpea curry). Mangalorean Catholics' dish ''sanna-dukra maas'' (''sanna''—''idli'' fluffed with Palm wine, toddy or yeast; ''dukra maas''—pork), ''pork bafat'', ''sorpotel'', and mutton ''biryani'' of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes. Pickles such as ''Papadum, happala'', ''sandige'', and ''puli munchi'' are unique to Mangalore. ''Shendi'' (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular. Vegetarian cuisine, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region.


Media

''Mangaluru Samachara'', the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by Hermann Mögling of the Basel Mission. The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by Ferdinand Kittel in 1894. Major national English-language newspapers such as ''Times of India'', ''The Hindu'', ''The New Indian Express'', ''Deccan Herald'' and ''Daijiworld Media, Daijiworld'' publish localised Mangaluru editions. ''Madipu'' (Esteem), ''Mogaveera'', ''Samparka'' (Contact) and ''Saphala'' (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangaluru. Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are ''Raknno'' (Guardian), Mangalorean Catholic literature, ''Konknni Dirvem'' (Konkani Treasure) and ''Kannik'' (Offering). Beary periodicals published in Mangaluru include ''Jyothi'' (Light) and ''Swatantra Bharata'' (Independent India). Media in Karnataka#Newspapers, Kannada-language newspapers are ''Udayavani'' (Morning Voice) by Manipal Press Ltd, ''Vijaya Karnataka'' (Victory of Karnataka) and ''Vijayavani'' (Voice of Victory) by VRL Group, ''Prajavani'' (Voice of the People), ''Kannada Prabha'' (Kannada Radiance), ''Varthabharathi'' (Indian News), ''Samyukta Karnataka'' (United Karnataka), and ''Hosa Digantha'' (New Horizon). The city's evening newspapers include ''Karavali Ale'' (Waves from the Coast), ''Mangaluru Mitra'' (Friend of Mangalore), ''Sanjevani'' (Evening Voice), and ''Jayakirana'' (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city. The Konkani-language newspaper ''Kodial Khabar'' (Mangaluru News) is published fortnightly. Malayalam newspapers such as ''Malayala Manorama'' (Beautiful Malayalam) and ''Madhyamam Daily, Madhyamam'' (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions. The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel Doordarshan provides national and local television coverage. Cable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks. Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels. Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada; these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana. Tulu channels are Namma Kudla and Posa Kural. All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri, Mangalore, Kadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 MHz. Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big FM (Indian radio station), Big 92.7 FM and Red FM (India), Red 93.5 FM. Community Radio Sarang, Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College. Mangaluru is home to the Tulu cinema, Tulu film industry which releases one film per month on average. Popular Tulu films include ''Kadala Mage'' (Son of the Sea) and ''Suddha (film), Suddha'' (The Cleansing Rites). Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the Town Hall, Mangalore, Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular. Mangaluru hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015.


Sports and pastimes

Cricket is a popular sport in Mangaluru. Local cricket stadia include Mangala Stadium and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT). The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium. Mangalore United is a Karnataka Premier League (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers. Mangalore Premier League (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy. Nehru Maidan is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments. Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangaluru Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA). Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore. Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangaloreans, Mangalorean descent. Association football, Football is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the ''maidans'' (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments. Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the ''Independence Day Cup'', which is played on Independence Day (India), Independence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan. Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education. Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city. Mangaluru is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association, South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments. Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and gymkhanas in Mangaluru. Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has an 18-hole golf course at Vamanjoor. U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players.


Tourism

Mangaluru lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, Kadri Manjunath Temple, St. Aloysius Chapel, St Aloysius Chapel, the Our Lady of Rosary Cathedral, Mangalore, Rosario Cathedral, Milagres Church (Mangalore), Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in Bunder. The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, Tannirbhavi Beach, Tannirbhavi, NITK Beach, NITK beach, Sasihithlu beach, Someshwar Beach, Someshwara beach, Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach. Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country. Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, jet ski rides, boating and dolphin viewing; trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors. Saavira Kambada Basadi is situated in Moodabidri, north-east of Mangaluru. The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in Boloor, Mangalore, Boloor on the banks of Gurupura River; visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach. Adyar, Karnataka, Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about from Mangaluru city centre. The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama, Kadri Park, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda, Tannirbavi Tree Park, Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady, and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies , has a zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (''manasa''), Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, science centre, and a 18-hole golf course. Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display. Mangaluru Dasara, ''Mangaluru Dasara'', a ten-day festival held at Gokarnanatheshwara Temple, Sri Gokarnatheswara temple attracts devotees from across India. Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over the country during ''Navratri, Navaratri''.


Sister cities

Mangalore is Twin towns and sister cities, twinned with two Canadian cities: * Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada, since 1968 * Delta, British Columbia, Delta, Canada, since 2010


References


Sources

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Further reading

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External links


DC OFFICE, MANGALOREMangalore City Corporation WebsiteMangalore City Website
{{Authority control Mangalore, Former Portuguese colonies Indian Ocean Populated coastal places in India Port cities in India Cities and towns in Dakshina Kannada district Cities in Karnataka