
The Mahāvākyas (''sing.:'' , ; ''plural:'' , ) are "The Great Sayings" of the
Upanishads
The Upanishads (; , , ) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hind ...
, with mahā meaning great and vākya, a sentence. The ''Mahāvākyas'' are traditionally considered to be four in number, though actually five are prominent in the post-Vedic literature:
[The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions]
Mahāvākya
Oxford University Press
# () – literally translated as "That Thou Art" ("That is you" or "You are that"), appears in
Chandogya Upanishad
The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Chāndogyopaniṣad'') is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 166-1 ...
6.8.7 of the
Sama Veda, with ''
tat'' in Ch.U. 6.8.7 referring to *''
sat
The SAT ( ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. Since its debut in 1926, its name and Test score, scoring have changed several times. For much of its history, it was called the Scholastic Aptitude Test ...
'', "the Existent," and contextually understood as "That's how
husyou are," with ''tat'' in Ch.U. 6.12.3 referring to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by
he finest essence"
# () - "I am Brahman", or "I am absolute" (
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' (, ) is one of the Mukhya Upanishads, Principal Upanishads and one of the first Upanishadic scriptures of Hinduism. A key scripture to various schools of Hinduism, the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'' is tenth in the ...
1.4.10 of the
Yajur Veda)''
# () - "Prajñāna is Brahman", or "Brahman is
Prajñāna"
[Encyclopedy of Hinduism, ''Mahavakyas''](_blank)
/ref> ( Aitareya Upanishad 3.3 of the Rig Veda
The ''Rigveda'' or ''Rig Veda'' (, , from wikt:ऋच्, ऋच्, "praise" and wikt:वेद, वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian Miscellany, collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (''sūktas''). It is one of the four sacred canoni ...
)
# () - "This Self (Atman) is Brahman" (Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad (, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda. It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.
It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Ri ...
1.2 of the Atharva Veda
The Atharvaveda or Atharva Veda (, , from ''wikt:अथर्वन्, अथर्वन्'', "priest" and ''wikt:वेद, वेद'', "knowledge") or is the "knowledge storehouse of ''wikt:अथर्वन्, atharvans'', the proced ...
)
# - "All this indeed is Brahman"
Mahāvākyas are instrumental in Advaita Vedanta, as they are regarded as valid scriptural statements that reveal the self (), which appears as a separate individual
An individual is one that exists as a distinct entity. Individuality (or self-hood) is the state or quality of living as an individual; particularly (in the case of humans) as a person unique from other people and possessing one's own needs or g ...
existence (), is, in essence, non-different (not two-ness) from Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
, which, according to Advaita, is nirguna. In contrast, these statements are less prominent in most other Hindu traditions, which emphasize a qualified or dualistic relationship between the self and Brahman, whom they regard as saguna, often identified with Vishnu
Vishnu (; , , ), also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme being within Vaishnavism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism, and the god of preservation ( ...
, Shiva
Shiva (; , ), also known as Mahadeva (; , , Help:IPA/Sanskrit, ɐɦaːd̪eːʋɐh and Hara, is one of the Hindu deities, principal deities of Hinduism. He is the God in Hinduism, Supreme Being in Shaivism, one of the major traditions w ...
, Shakti
Shakti (Devanagari: शक्ति, IAST: Śakti; 'energy, ability, strength, effort, power, might, capability') in Hinduism, is the "Universal Power" that underlies and sustains all existence. Conceived as feminine in essence, Shakti refer ...
, etc.
The four principal Mahavakyas
Though there are many Mahavakyas, four of them, one from each of the four Vedas
FIle:Atharva-Veda samhita page 471 illustration.png, upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''.
The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of relig ...
, are often mentioned as "the Mahavakyas". Other Mahavakyas are:
* ''ekam evadvitiyam brahma'' - Brahman is one, without a second (Chāndogya Upaniṣad
The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Chāndogyopaniṣad'') is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 166-1 ...
)
* '' so 'ham'' - I am that ( Isha Upanishad)
* ''sarvam khalv idam brahma'' - All of this is brahman (Chāndogya Upaniṣad
The ''Chandogya Upanishad'' (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Chāndogyopaniṣad'') is a Sanskrit text embedded in the Chandogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda of Hinduism.Patrick Olivelle (2014), ''The Early Upanishads'', Oxford University Press; , pp. 166-1 ...
3.14.1)
* ''etad vai tat'' - This, verily, is That ( Katha Upanishad)
People who are initiated into sannyasa
''Sannyasa'' (), sometimes spelled ''sanyasa'', is the fourth stage within the Hinduism, Hindu system of four life stages known as ''ashrama (stage), ashramas'', the first three being ''brahmacharya'' (celibate student), ''Gṛhastha, grihast ...
in Advaita Vedanta are being taught the four rincipalmahavakyas as four mantras, "to attain this highest of states in which the individual self dissolves inseparably in Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
". According to the Advaita Vedanta tradition, the four Upanishadic statements indicate the real identity of the individual ('' jivatman'') as ''sat'' (the Existent), ''Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
'', consciousness. According to the Vedanta-tradition, the subject matter and the essence of all Upanishads are the same, and all the Upanishadic Mahavakyas express this one universal message in the form of terse and concise statements. In later Sanskrit usage, the term ''mahāvākya'' came to mean "discourse", and specifically, discourse on a philosophically lofty topic.[Sanskrit Structure]
/ref>
Tat Tvam Asi
'' Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7'', in the dialogue between Uddalaka and his son Śvetaketu. It appears at the end of a section, and is repeated at the end of the subsequent sections as a refrain:
In ChU.6.8.12 it appears as follows:
Etymology and translation
''Tat Tvam Asi'' (Devanagari
Devanagari ( ; in script: , , ) is an Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent. It is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets, writing system), based on the ancient ''Brāhmī script, Brā ...
: तत्त्वमसि, Vedic
upright=1.2, The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the '' Atharvaveda''.
The Vedas ( or ; ), sometimes collectively called the Veda, are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed ...
: ''tát tvam ási'') is traditionally translated as "Thou art that", "That thou art", "That art thou", "You are that", "That you are", or "You're it"; although according to Brereton and others the proper translation would be "In that way thusare you, Svetaketu", or "that's how you are":
* '' tat'' - "it", "that"; or alternatively "thus", "in that way", "that's how". From ''tat'' an absolutive derivation can be formed with the suffix ''-tva'': ''tattva
According to various Indian schools of philosophy, ''tattvas'' () are the elements or aspects of reality that constitute human experience. In some traditions, they are conceived as an aspect of the Indian deities. Although the number of ''tat ...
'', 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'; compare ''tathātā
Tathātā (; ; ) is a Buddhist term variously translated as "thusness" or "suchness", referring to the nature of reality free from conceptual elaborations and the subject–object distinction. Although it is a significant concept in Mahayana Budd ...
'', "suchness", a similar absolutive derivation from ''tathā'' - 'thus', 'so', 'such', only with the suffix ''-tā'', not ''-tva''.
* ''tvam'' - you, thou[Shankara]
''Chandogya Upanishad Bhasya - Chapter 6 (Tat Tvam Asi)''
/ref>
* ''asi'' - are, 'art'
In Ch.U.6.8.7 ''tat'' refers to ''Sat
The SAT ( ) is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. Since its debut in 1926, its name and Test score, scoring have changed several times. For much of its history, it was called the Scholastic Aptitude Test ...
'', "the Existent", Existence, Being. ''Sat'', "the Existent", then is the true essence or root or origin of everything that exists, and the essence, ''Atman'', which the individual at the core is.[Max Muller]
Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16
The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 92-109 with footnotes As Shankara states in the '' Upadesasahasri'':
While the Vedanta tradition equates ''sat'' ("the Existent") with Brahman, as stated in the Brahma Sutras, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.
According to Brereton, followed by Patrick Olivelle
Patrick Olivelle is an Indologist. A philologist and scholar of Sanskrit Literature whose work has focused on asceticism, renunciation and the dharma, Olivelle has been Professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions in the Department of Asian Stu ...
and Wendy Doniger,
the traditional translation as "you are that" is incorrect, and should be translated as "In that way thusare you, Svetaketu." ''That'', then, in ChU.6.8.12 refers to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by he finest essence, and which is also the nature of Svetaketu. Lipner expresses reservations on Brereton's interpretation, stating that it is technically plausible, but noting that "Brereton concedes that the philosophical import of the passage may be represented by the translation 'That you are', where ''tat'' as 'that' would refer to the supreme Being (''sat/satya'')."
Interpretation
Major Vedantic schools offer different interpretations of the phrase:
* Advaita - absolute equality of 'tat', the Ultimate Reality, Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
, and 'tvam', the Self, Atman.
* Shuddhadvaita - oneness in "essence" between 'tat' and individual self; but 'tat' is the whole and self is a part.
* Vishishtadvaita -'tvam' denotes the Jiva-antaryami Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
while 'tat' refers to Jagat-Karana Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
.
*Dvaitadvaita
Dvaitadvaita Vedanta, also known as Svabhavika Bhedabheda and as Svabhavika Bhinnabhinna,() is the philosophical doctrine of "natural identity-in-difference" or "natural difference cum-non-difference." It was propagated by the medieval Vedānta ...
- equal non-difference and difference between the individual self as a part of the whole which is 'tat'.
*Dvaita
Dvaita Vedanta (); (originally known as Tattvavada; IAST: ''Tattvavāda''), is a sub-school in the Vedanta
''Vedanta'' (; , ), also known as ''Uttara Mīmāṃsā'', is one of the six orthodox (Āstika and nāstika, ''āstika'') trad ...
of Madhvacharya
Madhvacharya (; ; 1199–1278 CE or 1238–1317 CE), also known as Purna Prajna () and Ānanda Tīrtha, was an Indian philosopher, theologian and the chief proponent of the ''Dvaita'' (dualism) school of Vedanta. Madhva called his philosophy ...
- ''tat tvam asi'' is read as ''atat tvam asi'', meaning "that (parama) Aatma is the essence of all, you are not Him,"[ or "''Atma'' (Self), thou art, thou art not God."
* Acintya Bheda Abheda - inconceivable oneness and difference between individual self as a part of the whole which is 'tat'.
]
Aham Brahma Asmi
''Aham Brahmāsmi'' (Devanagari
Devanagari ( ; in script: , , ) is an Indic script used in the Indian subcontinent. It is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental systems: alphabets, writing system), based on the ancient ''Brāhmī script, Brā ...
: अहम् ब्रह्मास्मि), "I am Brahman" is in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' (, ) is one of the Mukhya Upanishads, Principal Upanishads and one of the first Upanishadic scriptures of Hinduism. A key scripture to various schools of Hinduism, the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'' is tenth in the ...
1.4.10 of the Shukla Yajurveda
The ''Yajurveda'' (, , from यजुस्, "worship", and वेद, "knowledge") is the Veda primarily of prose mantras for worship rituals.Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism'' (Edito ...
:
Aham Brahmasmi is the core philosophy in advaita vedanta, indicating absolute oneness of atman with brahman.
Etymology
* ''Aham'' (अहम्) - literally "I".
* ''Brahma'' (ब्रह्म) - ever-full or whole (ब्रह्म is the first case ending singular of Brahman).
* ''Asmi'' (अस्मि) - "am," the first-person singular present tense of the verb ''as'' (अस्), "to be".
''Ahaṁ Brahmāsmi'' then means "I am the Absolute" or "My identity is cosmic", but can also be translated as "you are part of god just like any other element".
Explanations
In his comment on this passage, Sankara explains that here Brahman is not the conditioned Brahman (''saguna''); that a transitory entity cannot be eternal; that knowledge about Brahman, the infinite all-pervading entity, has been enjoined; that knowledge of non-duality alone dispels ignorance; and that the meditation based on resemblance is only an idea. He also tells us that the expression ''Aham Brahmaasmi'' is the explanation of the mantra
A mantra ( ; Pali: ''mantra'') or mantram (Devanagari: मन्त्रम्) is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, word or phonemes, or group of words (most often in an Indo-Iranian language like Sanskrit or Avestan) belie ...
He explains that non-duality and plurality are contradictory only when applied to the Self, which is eternal and without parts, but not to the effects, which have parts. The ''aham'' in this memorable expression is not closed in itself as a pure mental abstraction but it is radical openness. Between Brahman and ''aham-brahma'' lies the entire temporal universe experienced by the ignorant as a separate entity (duality).
Vidyāranya in his Panchadasi (V.4) explains:
Prajñānam Brahma
''Aitareya Upanishad'' 3.3 of the ''Rigveda'', translation Olivelle:
Etymology and translation
Several translations, and word-orders of these translations, are possible:
Prajñānam:
* ''jñāna
In Indian philosophy and religions, ' (, ) is "knowledge".
The idea of ''jñāna'' centers on a cognitive event which is recognized when experienced. It is knowledge inseparable from the total experience of reality, especially the total or divin ...
'' means "understanding", "knowledge", and sometimes "consciousness"
* '' Pra'' is a prefix
A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word. Particularly in the study of languages, a prefix is also called a preformative, because it alters the form of the word to which it is affixed.
Prefixes, like other affixes, can b ...
which could be translated as "higher", "greater", "supreme" or "premium", or "being born or springing up", referring to a spontaneous type of knowing.
''Prajñānam'' as a whole means:
* प्रज्ञान, "prajñāna",[Sanskrit Dictionary, ''prajnanam''](_blank)
/ref>
** Adjective: prudent, easily known, wise
** Noun: discrimination, knowledge, wisdom, intelligence. Also: distinctive mark, monument, token of recognition, any mark or sign or characteristic, memorial
* "Consciousness"
* "Intelligence"
* "Wisdom"
Related terms are ''jñāna
In Indian philosophy and religions, ' (, ) is "knowledge".
The idea of ''jñāna'' centers on a cognitive event which is recognized when experienced. It is knowledge inseparable from the total experience of reality, especially the total or divin ...
'', ''prajñā'' and ''prajñam'', "pure consciousness". Although the common translation of ''jñānam'' is "consciousness", the term has a broader meaning of "knowing"; "becoming acquainted with",[Sanskrit Dictionary, ''jnanam''](_blank)
/ref> "knowledge about anything", "awareness", "higher knowledge".
Brahman:
* "The Absolute"
* "Infinite"
* "The Highest truth"
Meaning:
Most interpretations state: "Prajñānam (noun) is Brahman (adjective)". Some translations give a reverse order, stating "Brahman is Prajñānam", specifically "Brahman (noun) is Prajñānam (adjective)": "The Ultimate Reality is wisdom (or consciousness)". Sahu explains:
And according to David Loy,
Ayam Ātmā Brahma
Ayam Atma Brahma () is a Mahāvākya which is found in the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad (, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda. It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.
It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Ri ...
of the Atharvaveda
The Atharvaveda or Atharva Veda (, , from ''wikt:अथर्वन्, अथर्वन्'', "priest" and ''wikt:वेद, वेद'', "knowledge") or is the "knowledge storehouse of ''wikt:अथर्वन्, atharvans'', the proced ...
.[Robert Hume]
Mandukya Upanishad
Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 370-371[Max Muller, The Upanishads, Part 2]
Mandukya Upanishad
Oxford University Press, page 34-35 According to the Guru Gita, "Ayam Atma Brahma" is a statement of practice.[MAHAVAKYAS, Ayam Atma Brahma: Self is Absolute Entity]
www.classicyoga.co.in (ইংরেজি ভাষায়)
Etymology and meaning
The Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; stem form ; nominal singular , ,) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in northwest South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural ...
word ayam means 'it'. Ātman means ‘Atma’ or 'self'. Brahman is the highest being. So "Ayam Atma Brahma" means 'Atma is Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
'.[
]
Source and Significance
The Mahavakya is found in the Mandukya Upanishad
The Mandukya Upanishad (, ) is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda. It is listed as number 6 in the Muktikā canon of 108 Upanishads.
It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Ri ...
of the Atharva Veda
The Atharvaveda or Atharva Veda (, , from ''wikt:अथर्वन्, अथर्वन्'', "priest" and ''wikt:वेद, वेद'', "knowledge") or is the "knowledge storehouse of ''wikt:अथर्वन्, atharvans'', the proced ...
.[ It is mentioned in the Mundaka Upanishad 1-2,
In Sanskrit:
The ]Mundaka Upanishad
The Mundaka Upanishad (, ) is an ancient Sanskrit Vedic text, embedded inside Atharva Veda. It is a Mukhya (primary) Upanishad, and is listed as number 5 in the Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads of Hinduism. It is among the most widely translat ...
, in the first section of the second Mundaka, defines and explains the Atma-Brahma doctrine.
It claims that just as a burning fire produces thousands of sparks and leaps and bounds in its own form, so the living beings originate from Brahman in its own form.[ ]Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
is immortal, except the body, it is both external and internal, ever generated, except the mind, except the breath, yet from it emerges the inner soul of all things.[
From Brahman breath, mind, senses, space, air, light, water, earth, everything is born. The section expands on this concept as follows,][
The Mundaka Upanishad verse 2.2.2 claims that Atman-Brahman is real.][ Verse 2.2.3 offers help in the process of meditation, such as Om. Verse 2.2.8 claims that the one who possesses self-knowledge and has become one with Brahman is free, not affected by ]Karma
Karma (, from , ; ) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences. In Indian religions, the term more specifically refers to a principle of cause and effect, often descriptively called ...
, free from sorrow and Atma-doubt, he who is happy.[Eduard Roer]
Mundaka Upanishad
Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164Mundaka Upanishad
in Upanishads and Sri Sankara's commentary - Volume 1: The Isa Kena and Mundaka, SS Sastri (Translator), University of Toronto Archives, pages 138-152 The section expands on this concept as follows,
Etymology and translation
* ''sarvam etad'' - everything here, the Whole, all this
* ''hi'' - certainly
* ''brahma'' - Brahman
* ''ayam'' - this[Sanskrit Dictionary]
''ayam''
/ref>
* ''ātmā'' - Atman, self, essence
* ''brahma'' - Brahman
In Hinduism, ''Brahman'' (; IAST: ''Brahman'') connotes the highest universal principle, the ultimate reality of the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), ''Idealistic Thought of India'', Routledge, , page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In the ...
* ''so 'yam ātmā'' - "this very atman"
* ''catuṣpāt'' - "has four aspects"
While translations tend to separate the sentence in separate parts, Olivelle's translation uses various words in adjunct sets of meaning:
* सर्वं ह्येतद् ब्रह्म ''sarvam hyetad brahma'' - "this ''brahman'' is the Whole"
* ब्रह्मायमात्मा ''brahma ayam atma'' - "''brahman'' is ''ātman''"
* ब्रह्म सोऽयमात्मा ''brahman sah ayam atman'' - "brahman is this (very) self"
The Mandukya Upanishad repeatedly states that ''Om'' is ''ātman'', and also states that ''turiya
In Hindu philosophy, ''turiya'' (Sanskrit: तुरीय, meaning "the fourth"), also referred to as chaturiya or chaturtha, is the true self (''atman'') beyond the three common states of consciousness (waking, dreaming, and dreamless deep slee ...
'' is ''ātman''. The Mandukya Upanishad forms the basis of Gaudapada's Advaita Vedanta, in his Mandukya Karika.
- "All this indeed is Brahman"
See also
* Advaita Vedanta
* Jiva
''Jiva'' (, IAST: ), also referred as ''Jivātman,'' is a living being or any entity imbued with a life force in Hinduism and Jīva (Jainism), Jainism. The word itself originates from the Sanskrit verb-root ''jīv'', which translates as 'to br ...
* Monism
Monism attributes oneness or singleness () to a concept, such as to existence. Various kinds of monism can be distinguished:
* Priority monism states that all existing things go back to a source that is distinct from them; e.g., in Neoplatonis ...
* Soham (Sanskrit)
* Vakya Vritti
* Ajativada
* I Am that I Am
"I Am that I Am" is a Bible translations into English, common English translation of the Hebrew language, Hebrew phrase (; )– also "I am who (I) am", "I will become what I choose to become", "I am what I am", "I will be what I will be", "I cre ...
* Al-Hallaj
Notes
References
Sources
Printed sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Web-sources
Further reading
* S. Radhakrishnan: '' The Principal Upanishads''
External links
Chandogya Upanishad
Chandogya Upanishad
* Swami Sivananda
''Tat Tvam Asi''
''Right Significance of TAT TVAM ASI''
* Ram Chandran
Mahavakyas
Mandukhya Upanishad – Sanskrit Text, sanskritdocuments.org, Encoded by M. Giridhar giridhar at chemeng.Isc.ernet.in Proofread by John Manetta
Lecture on Atman by Swami Sarvapriyananda
(Video)
Mandukhya Upanishad with Gaudapada Karika and Sankara Bhashya-Swami Nikhilananda
Tattva Bodha-Swami Gurubhaktananda
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahavakyas
Hindu philosophical concepts
Advaita Vedanta
pl:Mantra#Mahawakja