Madian, Beijing
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

Madian ( "Caravansary" or "Horse Pasture" Gladney, p
176
) is a community in
Haidian District Haidian () is a northwest urban district of Beijing, bordering Xicheng, Beijing, Xicheng and Fengtai, Beijing, Fengtai. It is in area, making it the second-largest district in urban Beijing area (after Chaoyang, Beijing, Chaoyang), and is home ...
,Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 117.
Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...
, China.Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 114. It is adjacent to the intersection of the 3rd Ring Road and the Jingzang Expressway (formerly Badaling Expressway),Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 115. at the
Haidian District Haidian () is a northwest urban district of Beijing, bordering Xicheng, Beijing, Xicheng and Fengtai, Beijing, Fengtai. It is in area, making it the second-largest district in urban Beijing area (after Chaoyang, Beijing, Chaoyang), and is home ...
-
Xicheng District Xicheng () is a district of the city of Beijing. Its cover the western half of the old city (largely inside the 2nd Ring Road; the eastern half is Dongcheng District, Beijing, Dongcheng District), and has 1,106,214 inhabitants (2020 Census). It ...
border. Two separate subdistrict offices serve portions of Madian.Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 116. A complex overpass links the northern segment of the 3rd Ring Road with an express route coming from
Deshengmen Deshengmen () is a city gate that was once part of Beijing's northern city wall. It is one of Beijing's few preserved city gates and now stands as a landmark on the northern 2nd Ring Road. Latimer D. (2014) ''The Improbable Beijing Guidebook'', ...
on the
2nd Ring Road The 2nd Ring Road () is the innermost ring road highway which encircles the city center of Beijing, People's Republic of China. (The first ring road had been a circular tram route.) The ring road can be divided into two parts: the original ri ...
through to the Jingzang Expressway. Madian historically had a
Hui The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2 ...
population, and the Madian Mosque is located in the community. Madian Bridge has been expanded twice to create two direct links to the expressway. A few years ago, the route to Deshengmen was expanded and is now a city express route.


History

Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan, authors of "Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing," wrote that Madian historically was in a "relatively peripheral part of the city" and in particular "peripheral to the core areas of the city". During the
Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...
Madian was within the
Beijing city wall The Beijing city fortifications were a series of walls with towers and gates constructed in the city of Beijing, China in the early 1400s until they were partially demolished in 1965 for the construction of the 2nd Ring Road and Line 2 of the ...
. After the wall was rebuilt during the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...
, Madian was outside of the city wall. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated that according to historical records the first
Hui The Hui people are an East Asian ethnoreligious group predominantly composed of Chinese-speaking adherents of Islam. They are distributed throughout China, mainly in the northwestern provinces and in the Zhongyuan region. According to the 2 ...
arrived in Madian during the reign of the
Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 ...
of the
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...
. Turmoil in northwestern China during the Qing dynasty caused many Hui to move eastward. A population of Hui, mostly horse and sheep traders, settled in Madian due to its access to horse and sheep trading routes. Therefore, a large trading market in horses and sheep was established there. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan argued that the name ''Madian'' may have originated from the horse trading that occurred there and argued that this "may also be related to" the prevalence of the Ma
family name In many societies, a surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person, although several give ...
in Madian. Kangxi built the Madian Mosque in 1662. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan had interviewed an administrator of the mosque, who stated that the mosque "probably" opened due to a pre-existing Hui population. Around the 1930s, traders of pigs and pork detoured around Madian because it was homogeneously Muslim. The head of a resident committee interviewed by Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan in August 2000 stated that Madian was over 90% Muslim in the 1950s. In the late 1950s, the community received an influx of people displaced by the construction of the
Great Hall of the People The Great Hall of the People is a state building situated to the west of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It is used for legislative and ceremonial activities by the government of the People's Republic of China. The People's Great Hall functions as ...
. In the initial years after the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 new housing developments appeared in Madian.Wu, Weiping and Gaubatz. p
254
Due to its location accessible to other areas, Madian was selected as a place for the development of new housing. Apartments were built in the place of the slaughterhouse and sheep market after those facilities were demolished. Han people moved into the apartments, causing the percentage of Hui people to decrease. Weiping Wu and Piper Gaubatz, authors of ''The Chinese City'', wrote that the result was that "lost much of its Muslim character". The resident head stated that in the 1980s fewer than 30% of the people in Madian were Muslim. In 1996 Dru C. Gladney, author of ''Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic'', wrote that "recent studies indicate that the uicommunity continues to maintain a strong solidarity." In the decades before 2002 the expansion of highways and roads further changed the character of Madian. Many Hui left Madian when the Dechang Road was constructed in the 1980s. This road later became a part of the Badaling Expressway. In the 1990s developers started renovation projects in Madian because of its location along the 3rd Ring Road. In 1993 the renovation of the Yulanyuan had been completed. The central buildings are three story residential buildings that do not reflect the Islamic culture. Prior to the renovation the area had been named ''Nancun'' or Southern Village (C: 南村, P: ''Náncūn''). More Hui left the neighborhood during the construction of the 3rd Ring Road in the 1990s. After the renovation of Yulanyuan, 40% of the original residents returned. In other parts of Madian, the rates of return from former residents were lower.Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 117-118. Ultimately most of the displaced Hui Madian residents settled in more inexpensive areas further from the Beijing city core, in the northern and northwestern parts of Beijing.Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 118. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated that post-renovation Madian was "relatively expensive". In 2000, many former residents of Madian would have been unable to move back there or have been required to buy a smaller living area if they wanted to move back as the purchase price of a new apartment was above 10,000 yuan per square meter. The resident head stated that in 2000 Madian was about 25% Muslim. In 2002 Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan stated that "Madian has lost much of its character as a Hui enclave in terms of both residential and economic functions." The three authors added that Gladney's conclusions about the solidarity of the community were "quickly outdated." As of 2002 the development plans state that a multifunctional building named "CityChamp Palace" would be the centerpiece of Madian.


Demographics

In 1982 there were 2,266 Han individuals in 660 households, 922 Hui individuals in 282 households, and 65 Manchu individuals in 30 households. The district was 28.6% Hui. 7.8% of the Han individuals have intermarried with Hui or Manchu, 11.2% of the Hui individuals have intermarried with Han or Manchu, and 80% of the Manchu individuals have intermarried with Han or Hui.


Government and infrastructure

In 2002 Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan argued that the fact that Madian is divided between two administrative offices instead of being under one has "undermined" the Hui community and therefore, unlike the Niujie area in
Xicheng District Xicheng () is a district of the city of Beijing. Its cover the western half of the old city (largely inside the 2nd Ring Road; the eastern half is Dongcheng District, Beijing, Dongcheng District), and has 1,106,214 inhabitants (2020 Census). It ...
, the city government was less willing to preserve the Hui community in Madian due to developmental pressures.


Economy

As of 2002 the community had several Hui groceries, three or four beef and mutton shops, and eight small Hui restaurants. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that it is "likely" that "most of these businesses will disappear" as the renovation project of Madian continues its course. In addition, in an interview in August 2000 the head of a Madian resident committee stated that even though going to Niujie from Madian meant a lengthy commute, many Madian Hui preferred to travel there to purchase beef and mutton.Wang, Zhou, and Fan, p. 118-119. The three authors wrote that the decline of the Hui population in Madian furthers the decline of the Hui economy there, and vice versa in a repeating process. Wenfei Wang, Shangyi Zhou, and Cindy Fan wrote that "Historically, the Hui people in Madian were highly concentrated in businesses linked to the sheep market and were less proficient in other economic activities." During the reign of the
Daoguang Emperor The Daoguang Emperor (16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), also known by his temple name Emperor Xuanzong of Qing, personal name Mianning, was the seventh List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing e ...
, the district sold a total of 130,000 head of animals in one year. The central street of Madian had 13 animal shops with a combined annual sale of 30,000 head of animals. Up until the 1950s a
slaughterhouse In livestock agriculture and the meat industry, a slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir (), is a facility where livestock animals are slaughtered to provide food. Slaughterhouses supply meat, which then becomes the responsibility of a mea ...
in Madian was the primary source of mutton and beef of the Hui population of Beijing. The introduction of
locomotive A locomotive is a rail transport, rail vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front. However, Push–pull train, push–pull operation has become common, and in the pursuit for ...
s damaged the economy of Madian, since it caused the end of the caravan trade. During the late Republican period a heavy taxation was imposed, further damaging the economy. As a result, the Madian economy diversified. By the 1930s annual sales of sheep within Madian were between 30,000 and 50,000. The sheep market was demolished in the early part of the People's Republic, prior to the
Chinese economic reform Reform and opening-up ( zh, s=改革开放, p=Gǎigé kāifàng), also known as the Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle, refers to a variety of economic reforms termed socialism with Chinese characteristics and socialist marke ...
. As the Hui population declined, the Hui business activity declined.


Education

The Beijing Haidian Minzu Primary School (S: 北京市海淀区民族小学, P: ''Běijīng Shì Hǎidiànqū Mínzú Xiǎoxué'', "Beijing Haidian Ethnic Group Primary School") serves ethnic minorities in the Madian area. It was previously named Madian Primary School (S: 马甸小学, P: ''Mǎdiàn Xiǎoxué'').Home page
(). Beijing Haidian Minzu Primary School. July 25, 2010. Retrieved on January 11, 2014. Title of the page states: "海淀区民族小学(原马甸小学)" meaning it is Beijing Haidian Minzu Primary School formerly known as Madian Primary School.


See also

*
Hui people in Beijing Beijing has a large community of Hui people, totaling 249,223 people per the 2010 Chinese Census, or 2.35% of the city's total population. As of 2010, the Hui are the second largest minority in the city, behind the Manchu. Neighborhoods with hig ...


References

* Gladney, Dru C. ''Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic'' (Volume 149, Issue 149 of Harvard East Asian monographs, ISSN 0073-0483).
Harvard University Asia Center The Harvard University Asia Center is an interdisciplinary research and education unit of Harvard University, established on July 1, 1997, with the goal of "driving varied programs focusing on international relations in Asia and comparative studi ...
, 1996. , 9780674594975. * Wang, Wenfei, Shangyi Zhou, and C. Cindy Fan.
Growth and Decline of Muslim Hui Enclaves in Beijing

Archive
. ''
Eurasian Geography and Economics ''Eurasian Geography and Economics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering economic and political geography as well as macroeconomics of the Eurasian continent. It primarily covers geography also publishes interdisciplinary works. ...
'', 2002, 43, No. 2, pp. 104–122
DOI 10.1080/10889388.2002.10641195
* Wu, Weiping and Piper Gaubatz. ''The Chinese City''.
Routledge Routledge ( ) is a British multinational corporation, multinational publisher. It was founded in 1836 by George Routledge, and specialises in providing academic books, academic journals, journals and online resources in the fields of the humanit ...
, April 26, 2013. , 9781136990823.


Notes


External links


Beijing Haidian Minzu Primary School
*

"

City of Beijing. {{authority control Neighbourhoods of Beijing Hui people communities Geography of Haidian District