''Garra'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...

in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Cyprinidae Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family. It includes the carps, the true minnows, and relatives like the barbs and barbels. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest verte ...

. These fish are one example of the "

log sucker ''Garra'' is a genus of fish in the family (biology), family Cyprinidae. These fish are one example of the "log suckers", Suckermouth, sucker-mouthed Barb (fish), barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in Aquarium, aquaria to keep down algae. T ...

s", sucker-mouthed barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in aquaria to keep down

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

. The

doctor fish The red garra (''Garra rufa''), also known as the doctor fish or nibble fish, is a species of cyprinid that is native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in subtropical parts of Western Asia. This small fish typically is up to about in tot ...

Anatolia Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...

and the Middle East belongs in this genus. The majority of the more than 140

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

of garras are native to

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

, but about one-fifth of the species are from

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

(

East East or Orient is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from west and is the direction from which the Sun rises on the Earth. Etymology As in other languages, the word is formed from the fa ...

, Middle and

West West or Occident is one of the four cardinal directions or points of the compass. It is the opposite direction from east and is the direction in which the Sunset, Sun sets on the Earth. Etymology The word "west" is a Germanic languages, German ...

, but by far the highest

species richness Species richness is the number of different species represented in an ecological community, landscape or region. Species richness is simply a count of species, and it does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative a ...

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

). The genus was established by

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton Francis Buchanan (15 February 1762 – 15 June 1829), later known as Francis Hamilton but often referred to as Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, was a Scottish physician who made significant contributions as a geographer, zoologist, and botanist whil ...

in 1822 as a

subgenus In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

of ''

Cyprinus ''Cyprinus'' is the genus of typical carps in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp (''C. carpio'') in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been introduced to many othe ...

'' (which at that time was a " wastebin, basket genus" for

carp Carp are various species of oily freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large group of fish native to Europe and Asia. While carp is consumed in many parts of the world, they are generally considered an invasive species in parts of ...

-like cyprinids); though it didn't lead to an act of him to designate a

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

by the time. However, as no other garras except the newly discovered '' G. lamta'' were known to science in 1822, this was designated as the type species by

Pieter Bleeker Pieter Bleeker (10 July 1819 – 24 January 1878) was a Dutch medical doctor, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He was famous for the ''Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises'', his monumental work on the fishes of East Asia ...

in 1863. The garras and their closest relatives are sometimes placed in a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Garrinae, but this seems hardly warranted. More often, this group is included in the

Labeoninae Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species el ...

, or together with these in the

Cyprininae The Cyprininae are one of at least 11 subfamilies of cyprinid fish. It contains three genera in its strictest definition but many more are included depending on which authority is defining it, especially if the Labeobarbinae is not considered t ...

. In the former case, the garras are members of the labeonine

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

Garrini Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species elsew ...

, in the latter they are in the subtribe

Garraina Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species ...

of tribe

Labeonini Labeoninae is a doubtfully distinct subfamily of ray-finned fishes in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. They inhabit fresh water and the largest species richness is in the region around southern China, but there are also species ...

. The genus ''

Discogobio ''Discogobio'' is a genus of cyprinid fish that are found in eastern Asia. So far the 16 species have only been identified from China (11 species) and Vietnam (5 species) wherein each species is Endemism, endemic to the country in which it is fou ...

'' is a close relative.Stiassny, M.L.J. & Getahun, A. (2007)
An overview of labeonin relationships and the phylogenetic placement of the Afro-Asian genus ''Garra'' Hamilton, 1922 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae), with the description of five new species of ''Garra'' from Ethiopia, and a key to all African species.
''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 150 (1): 41–83.''

Description and ecology

These species are slim

cyprinid Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family. It includes the carps, the true minnows, and relatives like the barbs and barbels. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family and the largest verte ...

s with a flat belly and a sucking mouth; their shape indicates that they are at least in tendency

rheophilic A rheophile is an animal that prefers to live in fast-moving water. Examples of rheophilic animals Insects *Many aquatic insects living in riffles require current to survive. *''Epeorus sylvicola'', a rheophilic mayfly species ( Ephemeroptera) ...

. They are distinguished from other cyprinids by a combination of features: As in their closest relatives, their lower lip is expanded at its posterior rim to form a round or oval sucking pad, the vomero-palatine organ is much reduced or completely lost, the

pectoral fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as ...

s have at least the first two rays enlarged and usually unbranched, the supraethmoid is wider than long when seen from above, and the

cleithrum The cleithrum (plural cleithra) is a membrane bone which first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it runs vertically along the scapula. Its name is derived from Greek κλειθρον = " key (lock)", by analogy with "cl ...

is narrow and elongated to the front. From other Garrini (or Garraina), the genus ''Garra'' can be distinguished as follows: their

pharyngeal teeth Pharyngeal teeth are teeth in the pharyngeal arch of the throat of cyprinids, suckers, and a number of other fish species otherwise lacking teeth.dorsal fin A dorsal fin is a fin located on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates within various taxa of the animal kingdom. Many species of animals possessing dorsal fins are not particularly closely related to each other, though through conv ...

has 10-11 rays and starts slightly

anterior Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...

to the pelvic fins, while the

anal fin Fins are distinctive anatomical features composed of bony spines or rays protruding from the body of a fish. They are covered with skin and joined together either in a webbed fashion, as seen in most bony fish, or similar to a flipper, as se ...

starts well behind the pelvic fins and has 8-9 rays. As far as is known, the

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

karyotype A karyotype is the general appearance of the complete set of metaphase chromosomes in the cells of a species or in an individual organism, mainly including their sizes, numbers, and shapes. Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is disce ...

of garras is 2n = 50. Garras are not or barely noticeably

sexually dimorphic Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most ani ...

and generally cryptically coloured

benthic The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "t ...

freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...

fish. Five species in the genus ('' G. dunsirei'', '' G. lorestanensis'', '' G. tashanensis'', '' G. typhlops'' and some populations of '' G. barreimiae'') are cave-adapted, lacking

pigmentation A pigment is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water. In contrast, dyes are typically soluble, at least at some stage in their use. Generally dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic compo ...

and/or eyes. Garras are

omnivorous An omnivore () is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize the nutri ...

, eating

alga Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mi ...

plankton Plankton are the diverse collection of organisms found in Hydrosphere, water (or atmosphere, air) that are unable to propel themselves against a Ocean current, current (or wind). The individual organisms constituting plankton are called plankt ...

and small

invertebrate Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), derived from the notochord. This is a grouping including all animals apart from the chordate ...

s that they suck off substrate like rocks or logs. The food is scraped off with the sharp

keratinized Keratin () is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as ''scleroproteins''. Alpha-keratin (α-keratin) is a type of keratin found in vertebrates. It is the key structural material making up scales, hair, nails, feathers, h ...

borders of the

jaw The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term ''jaws'' is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serv ...

s and ingested via

suction Suction is the colloquial term to describe the air pressure differential between areas. Removing air from a space results in a pressure differential. Suction pressure is therefore limited by external air pressure. Even a perfect vacuum cannot ...

, created by contracting and relaxing the buccopharynx. As typical for

Cypriniformes Cypriniformes is an order of ray-finned fish, including the carps, minnows, loaches, and relatives. Cypriniformes is an Order within the Superorder Ostariophysi consisting of "Carp-like" Ostariophysins. This order contains 11-12 families, ...

, the garras lack a

stomach The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach i ...

entirely, their

oesophagus The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English; both ), non-technically known also as the food pipe or gullet, is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic contractions, from the pharynx to the ...

leading directly to the

sphincter A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. Sphincters are found in many animals. There are over 60 types in the hum ...

of the

intestine The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans ...

. Different ''Garra''

eat animal and vegetable matter in different proportions, which can – as typical for

vertebrate Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () ( chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, ...

s – usually be recognized by the length of their intestine compared to related species: more

herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpart ...

species have a longer intestine. Indeed, intestinal length in this genus is remarkably constant within species and varies a lot between species, meaning that it is useful to distinguish species and that dietary shifts have played a significant role in the

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

of garras. When the females are ready to

spawn Spawn or spawning may refer to: * Spawn (biology), the eggs and sperm of aquatic animals Arts, entertainment, and media * Spawn (character), a fictional character in the comic series of the same name and in the associated franchise ** '' Spawn: ...

, they are markedly plump and swollen; the ripe

roe Roe ( ) or hard roe is the fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses, of fish and certain marine animals such as shrimp, scallop, sea urchins and squid. As a seafood, roe is used both as a cooked in ...

may fill almost four-fifths of their

body cavity A body cavity is any space or compartment, or potential space, in an animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures; cavities as potential spaces contain fluid. The two largest human body cavities are the ventral body cavity, and ...

. The

testicle A testicle or testis (plural testes) is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all bilaterians, including humans. It is homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testostero ...

s of reproductive males are large too. The average ''Garra'' egg is 1.77 mm in

diameter In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for ...

and a

clutch A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, especially from a drive shaft to a driven shaft. In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts (drive shafts or line shafts). ...

contains several hundred eggs – up to a thousand or so in large females. The breeding behaviour is generally not well known and breeding is not often achieved in the

aquarium An aquarium (plural: ''aquariums'' or ''aquaria'') is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aq ...

; presumably, like many of their relatives they migrate upstream or (if they otherwise inhabit lakes) into the rivers to spawn.

Species

These are the currently recognized species in this genus: Garra blanfordii

* '' Garra abhoyai'' Hora, 1921 * '' Garra aethiopica'' ( Pellegrin, 1927) * '' Garra allostoma'' T. R. Roberts, 1990 * '' Garra alticaputus'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013 Arunachalam, M., Nandagopal, S. & Mayden, R.L. (2013): Morphological diagnoses of ''Garra'' (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from North-Eastern India with four new species description from Brahmaputra River. ''Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture, 4 (3): 121-138.'' * '' Garra amirhosseini'' Esmaeili, Sayyadzadeh, Coad & Eagderi, 2016 Esmaeili, H.R., Sayyadzadeh, G., Coad, B.W. & Eagderi, S. (2016): Review of the genus ''Garra'' Hamilton, 1822 in Iran with description of a new species: a morpho-molecular approach (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Iranian Journal of Ichthyology, 3 (2): 82-121.'' * '' Garra annandalei'' Hora, 1921 * '' Garra apogon'' (

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

, 1925) * '' Garra arunachalami'' Johnson & Soranam, 2001 * '' Garra arunachalensis'' Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013 Nebeshwar, K. & Vishwanath, W. (2013): Three new species of ''Garra'' (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from north-eastern India and redescription of ''G. gotyla''. ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (2): 97-120.'' * '' Garra arupi'' Nebeshwar, Vishwanath & D. N. Das, 2009 * '' Garra barreimiae'' Fowler &

Steinitz Steinitz may refer to: * Steinitz, Germany, a town in the district of Altmarkkreis Salzwedel in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany * Steinitz (surname) {{Disambiguation ...

, 1956 * '' Garra bibarbatus'' (Nguyen, 2001) * '' Garra bicornuta''

Narayan Rao Narayanrao Bhat (10 August 1755 – 30 August 1773) was the 10th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy from November 1772 until his assassination in August 1773. He married Gangabai Sathe who later gave birth to Sawai Madhavrao. Early life Narayanra ...

, 1920 * ''

Garra bimaculacauda ''Garra bimaculacauda'' is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus ''Garra'' endemic to Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is s ...

'' Thoni,

Gurung Gurung (exonym; ) or Tamu (endonym; Gurung: ) are an ethnic group indigenous to the hills and mountains of Gandaki Province of Nepal. Gurung people predominantly live around the Annapurna region in Manang, Mustang, Dolpo, Kaski, Lamjung, Gorkha, ...

& Mayden, 2016 Thoni, R.J., Gurung, D.B. & Mayden, R.L. (2016): A review of the genus ''Garra'' Hamilton 1822 of Bhutan, including the descriptions of two new species and three additional records (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). ''Zootaxa, 4169 (1): 115-132.'' * '' Garra birostris'' Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013 * '' Garra bisangulris'' Chen, Wu, & Xiao, 2010 * '' Garra bispinosa'' E. Zhang, 2005 * '' Garra blanfordii'' ( Boulenger, 1901) * '' Garra borneensis'' ( Vaillant, 1902) * '' Garra bourreti'' ( Pellegrin, 1928) * '' Garra buettikeri''

Krupp The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, is notable for its production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG (Friedrich Krup ...

, 1983 * ''

Garra cambodgiensis The Cambodian logsucker (''Garra cambodgiensis''), also known as stonelapping minnow or false Siamese algae eater, is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus ''Garra''. It lives in Southeast Asia. Description The Cambodian logsucker has a broa ...

'' ( Tirant, 1883) (Cambodian logsucker) * '' Garra ceylonensis''

Bleeker Bleeker is a Dutch occupational surname. Bleeker is an old spelling of ''(linnen)bleker'' ("linen bleacher").Garra chakpiensis'' Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2015 Nebeshwar, K. & Vishwanath, W. (2015): Two new species of ''Garra'' (Pisces: Cyprinidae) from the Chindwin River basin in Manipur, India, with notes on some nominal ''Garra'' species of the Himalayan foothills. ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (4): 305-321.'' * '' Garra chebera'' Habteselassie, Mikschi, Ahnelt & Waidbacher, 2010 * '' Garra chindwinensis'' Nongthombam Premananda,

Kosygin Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin ( rus, Алексе́й Никола́евич Косы́гин, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsɨɡʲɪn; – 18 December 1980) was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He served as the Premi ...

Bano Saidullah Bano or ''baño'', alternatively spelled Banu (name), Banu is a Persian language, Persian name girls popular in Iran and other Persian language, Persian-speaking countries. ''This may refer to the following:'' People Given name * Bano Khalil Ah ...

, 2017 * '' Garra compressus''

& Vishwanath, 1998 * '' Garra congoensis''

Poll Poll, polled, or polling may refer to: Figurative head counts * Poll, a formal election ** Election verification exit poll, a survey taken to verify election counts ** Polling, voting to make decisions or determine opinions ** Polling places o ...

, 1959 * '' Garra cornigera'' Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2015 Shangningam, B. & Vishwanath, W. (2015): Two new species of ''Garra'' from the Chindwin basin, India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 26 (3): 263–272.'' * ''

Garra cryptonema ''Garra cryptonema'' is a species of cyprinid endemic to the Nujiang River, Yunnan, China. This species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. ...

'' ( G. H. Cui & Z. Y. Li, 1984) * '' Garra culiciphaga'' ( Pellegrin, 1927) Behrens-Chapuis, S., Herder, F., Esmaeili, H.R., Freyhof, J., Hamidan, N.A., Özuluğ, M., Šanda, R. & Geiger, M.F. (2015): Adding nuclear rhodopsin data where mitochondrial COI indicates discrepancies – can this marker help to explain conflicts in cyprinids? ''DNA Barcodes, 3 (1): 187-199.'' * '' Garra cyclostomata'' Đ. Y. Mai, 1978 * '' Garra cyrano''

Kottelat Maurice Kottelat (born 16 July 1957 in Delémont, SwitzerlandC ...

, 2000 * '' Garra dampaensis'' Lalronunga, Lalnuntluanga & Lalramliana, 2013 Lalronunga, S., Lalnuntluanga & Lalramliana (2013)
''Garra dampaensis'', a new ray-finned fish species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Mizoram, northeastern India.
''Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5 (9): 4368–4377.'' * '' Garra dembecha'' Getahun & Stiassny, 2007 * ''

Garra dembeensis ''Garra dembeensis'', the Dembea stone lapper, is a small African species of ray-finned fish in the family Cyprinidae. It occurs in fast-flowing sections of rivers and wave-washed shores of lakes in the Nile system and other freshwater systems i ...

'' ( Rüppell, 1835) (Cameroon logsucker) * '' Garra dulongensis'' (Chen, Pan, Kong & Yang, 2006) * '' Garra dunsirei''

Banister A handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide safety or support. In Britain, handrails are referred to as banisters. Handrails are usually used to provide support for body or to hold clothings in a bathroom or ...

, 1987 * '' Garra duobarbis'' Getahun & Stiassny, 2007 * '' Garra elegans'' ( Günther, 1868) Freyhof, J. (2016): Redescription of ''Garra elegans'' (Günther, 1868), a poorly known species from the Tigris River drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Zootaxa, 4173 (5): 496-500.'' * '' Garra elongata'' Vishwanath &

, 2000 * '' Garra emarginata''

Kurup Kurup is an Indic surname. Notable people with this surname include: *Debbie Kurup (born 1979), English actress *Deepika Kurup (American inventor, scientist, and clean water advocate * G. Shankara Kurup (1901–1978), Indian poet * O. N. V. Kurup ( ...

Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (; 5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975), natively Radhakrishnayya, was an Indian philosopher and statesman. He served as the 2nd President of India from 1962 to 1967. He also 1st Vice President of India from 1952 ...

, 2011 * '' Garra ethelwynnae''

Menon Menon may refer to: People *Menon (subcaste), an honorary title accorded to some members of the Nair community of Kerala, southern India; used as a surname by many holders of the title Surnamed *Menon (surname), the surname of several people Give ...

, 1958 * '' Garra fasciacauda'' Fowler, 1937 * '' Garra festai'' ( Tortonese, 1939) * '' Garra fisheri'' ( Fowler, 1937) * '' Garra flavatra'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra fluviatilis'' Kangrang, Thoni, Mayden & Beamish, 2016 Kangrang, P., Thoni, R.J., Mayden, R.L. & Beamish, F.W.H. (2016): ''Garra fluviatilis'', a new hillstream fish species (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from the Kwai Noi River system, Mae Khlong basin, Thailand. ''Zootaxa, 4175 (4): 335-344.'' * '' Garra fuliginosa'' Fowler, 1934 * ''

Garra geba ''Garra geba'' is a species of cyprinid fish in the genus ''Garra''. It is Endemism, endemic to Ethiopia. Size Max length: 8.6 cm Environment and climate ''Garra geba'' only lives in freshwater and in a tropical climate. Distribution ''G ...

'' Getahun & Stiassny, 2007 * '' Garra ghorensis''

, 1982 * '' Garra gotyla'' (

J. E. Gray John Edward Gray, Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoology, zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray ...

, 1830) * '' Garra gracilis'' ( Pellegrin & Chevey, 1936) * '' Garra gravelyi'' ( Annandale, 1919) * '' Garra hainanensis'' Y. R. Chen & C. Y. Zheng, 1983 * '' Garra hindii'' ( Boulenger, 1905) * '' Garra hughi''

Silas Silas or Silvanus (; Greek: Σίλας/Σιλουανός; fl. 1st century AD) was a leading member of the Early Christian community, who according to the New Testament accompanied Paul the Apostle on his second missionary journey. Name and ...

, 1955 * '' Garra ignestii'' ( Gianferrari, 1925) * '' Garra imbarbatus'' (Nguyen, 2001) * '' Garra imberba''

Garman Garman is a surname or first name. Notable people with the name include: Sports * Ann Garman, All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player * Judi Garman (born 1954), American softball coach * Mike Garman (born 1949), American baseball pla ...

, 1912 * '' Garra imberbis'' ( Vinciguerra, 1890) * '' Garra incisorbis'' L. P. Zheng, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2016 Zheng, L.-P., Yang, J.-X. & Chen, X.-Y. (2016): ''Garra incisorbis'', a new species of labeonine from Pearl River basin in Guangxi, China (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 26 (4): 299-304.'' * ''

Garra jaldhakaensis ''Garra'' is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae. These fish are one example of the "log suckers", sucker-mouthed barbs and other cyprinids commonly kept in aquaria to keep down algae. The doctor fish of Anatolia and the Middle East be ...

'',

, Bungdon Shangningam, Pratima Singh, Ujjal Das, 2021http://recordsofzsi.com/index.php/zsoi/article/view/158415/, Garra jaldhakaensis, a new cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from West Bengal, India * '' Garra jerdoni'' F. Day, 1867 * '' Garra jordanica'' Hamidan, Geiger & Freyhof, 2014 Hamidan, N.A., Geiger, M.F. & Freyhof, J. (2014): ''Garra jordanica'', a new species from the Dead Sea basin with remarks on the relationship of ''G. ghorensis'', ''G. tibanica'' and ''G. rufa'' (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (3): 223-236.'' * '' Garra joshuai'' Silas, 1954 * '' Garra kalakadensis'' Rema Devi, 1993 * '' Garra kalpangi'' Nebeshwar, Bagra & D. N. Das, 2012 Nebeshwar, K., Bagra, K. & Das, D.N. (2012)
''Garra kalpangi'', a new cyprinid fish species (Pisces: Teleostei) from upper Brahmaputra basin in Arunachal Pradesh, India.
''Journal of Threatened Taxa, 4 (2): 2353–2362.'' * '' Garra kemali'' ( Hankó, 1925) * '' Garra kempi'' Hora, 1921 * '' Garra khawbungi'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2014 Arunachalam, M., Nandagopal, S. & Mayden, R.L. (2014): Two new Species of ''Garra'' from Mizoram, India (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and a General Comparative Analyses of Indian ''Garra''. ''Species, 10 (24): 58-78.'' * '' Garra kimini'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013 * ''

Garra lamta ''Garra lamta'' is a species of cyprinid Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family. It includes the carps, the true minnows, and relatives like the barbs and barbels. Cyprinidae is the largest a ...

'' ( F. Hamilton, 1822) * '' Garra lancrenonensis'' Blache & Miton, 1960 * '' Garra lautior''

, 1987 * '' Garra lissorhynchus'' (

McClelland McClelland is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Alyssa McClelland, Australian actress * Charles A. McClelland (1917–2006), American political systems analyst * Charles P. McClelland (1854–1944), New York politician, and US ...

, 1842) * ''

Garra litanensis ''Garra litanensis'' is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus ''Garra'' known from a single stream in the north-eastern Indian state of Manipur Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as ...

'' Vishwanath, 1993 * '' Garra longchuanensis'' Q. Yu, X. Z. Wang, H. Xiong & S. P. He, 2016 Yu, Q., Wang, X., Xiong, H. & He, S. (2016): ''Garra longchuanensis'', a new cyprinid (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from southern China. ''Zootaxa, 4126 (2): 295-300.'' * ''

Garra longipinnis ''Garra longipinnis'' is a Cyprinidae, cyprinid fish only found in Oman. It is unclear whether this is a different species from ''Garra barreimiae''. No specimens have been found since 1968, and its taxonomic and conservation status could not be ...

& M. A. Clarke, 1977 * '' Garra lorestanensis'' Mousavi-Sabet & Eagderi, 2016 Mousavi-Sabet, H. & Eagderi, S. (2016): ''Garra lorestanensis'', a new cave fish from the Tigris River drainage with remarks on the subterranean fishes in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''FishTaxa, 1 (1): 45-54.'' * '' Garra magnidiscus''

Tamang The Tamang (; Devanagari: तामाङ; ''tāmāṅ'') are an Tibeto-Burmese ethnic group of Nepal. In Nepal Tamang/Moormi people constitute 5.6% of the Nepalese population at over 1.3 million in 2001, increasing to 1,539,830 as of the 2011 c ...

, 2013 Tamang, L. (2013): ''Garra magnidiscus'', a new species of cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 24 (1): 31-40.'' * '' Garra makiensis'' ( Boulenger, 1904) * '' Garra mamshuqa''

, 1983 * '' Garra manipurensis'' Vishwanath & Sarojnalini, 1988 * '' Garra mcclellandi'' ( Jerdon, 1849) * '' Garra menderesensis'' ( Küçük, Bayçelebi, Güçlü & Gülle, 2015) * '' Garra menoni'' Rema Devi & T. J. Indra, 1984 * '' Garra micropulvinus'' W. Zhou, X. F. Pan &

Kottelat Maurice Kottelat (born 16 July 1957 in Delémont, SwitzerlandC ...

, 2005 * '' Garra mini'' Rahman, Mollah, Norén & Kullander, 2016 * '' Garra minimus'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013 * '' Garra mirofrontis'' X. L. Chu & G. H. Cui, 1987 * '' Garra mlapparaensis''

, 2011 Kurup, B.M. & Radhakrishnan, K.V. (2011): Two new cyprinid fishes under the genus ''Garra'' (Hamilton) from Kerala, southern India. ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 107 (3): 220-223.'' * '' Garra mondica'' Sayyadzadeh, Esmaeili & Freyhof, 2015 Sayyadzadeh, G., Esmaeili, H.R. & Freyhof, J. (2015): ''Garra mondica'', a new species from the Mond River drainage with remarks on the genus ''Garra'' from the Persian Gulf basin in Iran (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Zootaxa, 4048 (1): 75–89.'' * '' Garra mullya'' (

Sykes Sykes may refer to: People * Sir Alan Sykes, 1st Baronet, businessman and British politician * Annette Sykes, New Zealand human rights lawyer and Māori activist * Bob Sykes (American football), American football player * Bob Sykes (baseball), ...

, 1839) * '' Garra naganensis'' Hora, 1921 * '' Garra nambulica'' Vishwanath & Joyshree, 2005 * '' Garra namyaensis'' Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2012 Shangningam, B. & Vishwanath, W. (2012): A New Species of the Genus ''Garra'' Hamilton, 1822 from the Chindwin Basin of Manipur, India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeoninae). ''International Scholarly Research Network (ISRN Zoology), 2012: 1-6.''Shangningam, B. & Vishwanath, W. (2012): Validation of ''Garra namyaensis'' Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2012 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Labeoninae). ''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 23 (1): 10-10.'' * ''

Garra nana ''Garra nana'' is a ray-finned fish species in the family (biology), family Cyprinidae. It is found in Israel, Jordan and Syria.Behrens-Chapuis, S., Herder, F., Esmaeili, H.R., Freyhof, J., Hamidan, N.A., Özuluğ, M., Šanda, R. & Geiger, M.F. ( ...

'' ( Heckel, 1843) * '' Garra nasuta'' (

, 1838) * '' Garra nethravathiensis'' Arunachalam & Nandagopal, 2014 Arunachalam, M. & Nandagopal, S. (2014): A New Species of the Genus ''Garra'' Hamilton, (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) from Nethravathi River, Western Ghats, India. ''Species, 10 (24): 43-57.'' * '' Garra nigricauda'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013 * '' Garra nigricollis'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra nkhruletisis'' Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2015 * '' Garra notata'' ( Blyth, 1860) * '' Garra nujiangensis'' Z. M. Chen, S. Zhao & J. X. Yang, 2009 * '' Garra orientalis''

Nichols Nichols may refer to: People *Nichols (surname) *Nichol, a surname Places Canada * Nichols Islands, Nunavut United States * Nichols, California, an unincorporated community * Nichols Canyon, Los Angeles, California * Nichols, Connecticut * Nich ...

, 1925 * '' Garra ornata'' (

& Griscom, 1917) * '' Garra palaniensis'' Rema Devi & Menon, 1994 * '' Garra palaruvica'' Arunachalam,

Raja ''Raja'' (; from , IAST ') is a royal title used for South Asian monarchs. The title is equivalent to king or princely ruler in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The title has a long history in South Asia and Southeast Asia, being attested f ...

, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2013 * '' Garra paralissorhynchus'' Vishwanath & K. Shanta Devi, 2005 * '' Garra parastenorhynchus'' Thoni,

& Mayden, 2016 * '' Garra periyarensis'' K. C. Gopi, 2001 * '' Garra persica'' L. S. Berg, 1914 * '' Garra phillipsi''

Deraniyagala Deraniyagala is a town in the Kegalle district in the Sabaragamuwa Province of Sri Lanka. Deraniyaga city area consists major government administrative offices, textile industries and transportation hub and the district hospital which has seve ...

, 1933 (Phillips's garra) * '' Garra platycephala''

, 1920 * '' Garra poecilura'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra poilanei''

Petit Petite or petite may refer to: *Petit (crater), a small, bowl-shaped lunar crater on Mare Spumans * ''Petit'' (EP), a 1995 EP by Japanese singer-songwriter Ua * Petit (typography), another name for brevier-size type *Petit four * Petit Gâteau *P ...

& T. L. Tchang, 1933 * '' Garra propulvinus'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra qiaojiensis'' H. W. Wu & Yao, 1977 * '' Garra quadratirostris'' Nebeshwar & Vishwanath, 2013 * '' Garra quadrimaculata'' ( Rüppell, 1835) * '' Garra rakhinica'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra regressus'' Getahun & Stiassny, 2007 * '' Garra robertsi'' Thoni & Mayden, 2015 Thoni, R.J. & Mayden, R.L. (2015): ''Garra robertsi'', a new cyprinid (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fish species from Borneo. ''Zootaxa, 3985 (2): 284–290.'' * '' Garra rossica'' ( A. M. Nikolskii, 1900) * '' Garra rotundinasus'' E. Zhang, 2006 * ''

Garra rufa The red garra (''Garra rufa''), also known as the doctor fish or nibble fish, is a species of cyprinid that is native to a wide range of freshwater habitats in subtropical parts of Western Asia. This small fish typically is up to about in tota ...

'' ( Heckel, 1843) * '' Garra rupecula'' (

, 1839) * '' Garra sahilia''

, 1983 * '' Garra salweenica'' Hora & Mukerji, 1934 * '' Garra sindhi''

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...

, Geiger & Freyhof, 2016 Lyon, R.G., Geiger, M.F. & Freyhof, J. (2016): ''Garra sindhi'', a new species from the Jebel Samhan Nature Reserve in Oman (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). ''Zootaxa, 4154 (1): 79-88.'' * '' Garra smarti''

& Budd, 2009 * '' Garra spilota'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra stenorhynchus'' Jerdon, 1849 * '' Garra surendranathanii'' C. P. Shaji, L. K. Arun & P. S. Easa, 1996 * '' Garra surinbinnani'' Page, Ray, Tongnunui, Boyd & Randall, 2019 * '' Garra tamangi'' Gurumayum &

, 2016 Gurumayum, S.D. & Kosygin, L. (2016): ''Garra tamangi'', a new species of cyprinid fish (Teleostei: Cypriniformes) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. ''Species, 17 (55): 84-93.'' * ''

Garra tana ''Garra tana'' is a species of tropical ray-finned fish in the genus ''Garra''. It is endemic to Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It reaches a maximum length of around 10.5 cm, and can be found close to shore. It is listed as vulnerable under the IUC ...

'' Getahun & Stiassny, 2007 * '' Garra tashanensis'' Mousavi-Sabet, Vatandoust, Fatemi & Eagderi, 2016MOUSAVI-SABET, Hamed, et al. “Tashan Cave a New Cave Fish Locality for Iran; and Garra Tashanensis, a New Blind Species from the Tigris River Drainage (Teleostei: Cyprinidae).” FISHTAXA(2016) 1(3): 133-148, http://www.fishtaxa.com/index.php/ft/article/view/1-3-3. * '' Garra tengchongensis'' E. Zhang & Y. Y. Chen, 2002 * '' Garra theunensis''

Kottelat Maurice Kottelat (born 16 July 1957 in Delémont, SwitzerlandC ...

, 1998 * '' Garra tibanica'' Trewavas, 1941 * '' Garra trilobata'' Shangningam & Vishwanath, 2015 * '' Garra tyao'' Arunachalam, Nandagopal & Mayden, 2014 * '' Garra typhlops'' ( Bruun & E. W. Kaiser, 1944) (Iran cave barb) Farashi, A., Kaboli, M., Rezaei, H.R., Naghavi, M.R., Rahimian, H. & Coad, B.W. (2014): Reassessment of the taxonomic position of ''Iranocypris typhlops'' Bruun & Kaiser, 1944 (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae). ''ZooKeys, 374: 69-77.'' * '' Garra variabilis'' ( Heckel, 1843) * '' Garra vittatula'' S. O. Kullander & F. Fang, 2004 * '' Garra waensis'' Lothongkham, Arbsuwan & Musikasinthorn, 2014 Lothongkham, A., Arbsuwan, S. & Musikasinthorn, P. (2014): ''Garra waensis'', a new cyprinid fish (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) from the Nan River basin of the Chao Phraya River system, northern Thailand. ''Zootaxa, 3790 (4): 543–554.'' * '' Garra wanae'' (

Regan The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ''ri'' ...

, 1914) * '' Garra waterloti'' ( Pellegrin, 1935) * '' Garra yiliangensis'' H. W. Wu & Q. Z. Chen, 1977

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q134268 Cyprinidae genera Taxa named by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton Taxonomy articles created by Polbot