This is a list of

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...

dynasties, countries and autonomous territories. By the 10th century, the term "Kurd" did not have an ethnic connotation and referred to

Iranian Iranian may refer to: * Iran, a sovereign state * Iranian peoples, the speakers of the Iranian languages. The term Iranic peoples is also used for this term to distinguish the pan ethnic term from Iranian, used for the people of Iran * Iranian lan ...

nomads in the region between

Lake Van Lake Van ( tr, Van Gölü; hy, Վանա լիճ, translit=Vana lič̣; ku, Gola Wanê) is the largest lake in Turkey. It lies in the far east of Turkey, in the provinces of Van and Bitlis in the Armenian highlands. It is a saline soda lake ...

and

Lake Urmia Lake Urmia; az, اۇرمۇ گؤلۆ, script=Arab, italic=no, Urmu gölü; ku, گۆلائوو رمیەیێ, Gola Ûrmiyeyê; hy, Ուրմիա լիճ, Urmia lich; arc, ܝܡܬܐ ܕܐܘܪܡܝܐ is an endorheic salt lake in Iran. The lake is ...

. In Arabic medieval sources, "Kurd" referred to non-

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

and non- Turkish nomads and semi-nomads (see

Origin of the Kurds Scholars have suggested different theories for the origin of the name ''Kurd''. According to the English Orientalist Godfrey Rolles Driver, the term ''Kurd'' is related to the Sumerian ''Karda'' which was found from Sumerian clay tablets of the t ...

Early entities

* Sadakiyans (770-827) * ''Daysam'' (938–955) * Hadhabanis (906–1080) * Aishanids (912–961) *

Shaddadids The Shaddadids were a Kurdish Sunni Muslim dynasty. who ruled in various parts of Armenia and Arran from 951 to 1199 AD. They were established in Dvin. Through their long tenure in Armenia, they often intermarried with the Bagratuni royal famil ...

(951–1199)Amir Hassanpour, ''Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985'', Mellen Research University Press, 1992
p. 50.
/ref> * Rawwadids (955–1071) *

Hasanwayhids Hasanwayhids or Hasanuyid was a powerful Shia Kurdish dynasty reigning the western parts of Iran such as Iranian Azerbaijan and Zagros Mountains between Shahrizor and Khuzestan from c. 959 to 1015. The last Hasanwayhid ruler died in 1015 in Sarm ...

(959–1014) *

Marwanids Marwanids may refer to: * Marwanids (Diyar Bakr), a Kurdish dynasty that ruled in Diyar Bakr in the 10th–11th centuries * Marwanids, a branch of the Umayyad dynasty Umayyad dynasty ( ar, بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ, Banū Umayya, Sons of Um ...

(983–1096) * Annazids (990/91–1117) *

Shabankara Shabankara ( fa, شبانکاره, meaning 'shepherd') was an Iranian tribe. They claimed descent from the mythical Iranian king Manuchehr who had been deported to eastern Fars from Isfahan by the Buyid Shahanshah 'Adud al-Dawla (r. 949–983). The ...

(11th century–12th century) *

Principality of Eğil Principality of Eğil (also known as Emirate of Eğil, around 1049–1864) was a Kurdish principality or emirate around the town of Eğil founded by Pir Mansûr (b.989) who conquered the town around 1049. Pir Mansûr claimed to be a descendant o ...

(1049–1864, Diyarbakir) *

Hazaraspids The Hazaraspids ( fa, هزاراسپیان, 1115–1424), was a Kurdish dynasty that ruled the Zagros Mountains region of southwestern Iran, essentially in Lorestan and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Ilkhanid, Muzaffarid, and Timurid p ...

(1115–1425) *

Ayyubid dynasty The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultan of Egypt, Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate, Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni ...

(1171–1341) *

Principality of Bitlis The Principality of Bitlis, also known as the Bitlis Khanate and the Bitlis Emirate (1182–early 19th century) was a Kurdish principality originated from the ''Rojaki'' (or ''Rozagi'') tribal confederation. The Rojaki defeated the Georgian Kin ...

(1187–1847) * Vassaldom of

Ardalan Ardalan ( ku, میرنشینی ئەردەڵان) was a hereditary Kurdish vassaldom in western Iran from around the 14th century until 1865 or 1868 with Sanandaj as capital. The territory corresponded roughly to present-day Kurdistan Province ...

(14th century–1865 or 1868) * Zakarids (1161–1360) *

Emirate of Çemişgezek Emirate of Çemişgezek (, 13th century–1663) was a hereditary and autonomous Kurdish emirate existing from the 13th century to 1663, centered around Çemişgezek including Mazgirt, Pertek and Sağman. The emirate was populated by both Muslims ...

(13th century–1663) *

Mukriyan Mukriyan () or 'Deryaz' was a Kurdish principality from the late 14th century to the 19th century centered around Mahabad. Mukriyan was a neighbor to the Emirate of Bradost. Geography and tribes Mukriyan encompassed the area south of Lake Ur ...

(14th century–19th century) * Zarrinnaal Dynasty (1448–1925) *

Emirate of Pazooka The Emirate of Pazuki, was a Kurdish emirate that ruled around Hınıs, Erciş, Malazgirt, Doğubayazıt, and Nakhchivan, with its capital in Eleskirt between 1499 and 1587. History It was established in 1499 in the Bitlis region by Huseyin Al ...

(1499–1587) * Principality of Suleyman (15th century–1838) * Emirate of Soran (before 1514–1836) * Emirate of Miks (?–1846)

Remnants of the Ayyubid Dynasty (13th century–19th century)

Various Kurdish political entities blossomed in the period after the disestablishment of the

in 1260. Some of these rulers claimed descent from the Ayyubids. * Principality of Donboli (1210–1799) * Emirate of Bingöl (1231–1864) * Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524) *

Emirate of Kilis Emirate of Kilis () was a Kurdish emirate which ruled the Kilis and Aleppo regions up until the disintegration of the Ayyubid dynasty in 1264. The rulers of this principality were descendants of Sheikh Fakhraddin, who is one of the greatest ...

Emirate of Şirvan Şirvan Emirate (-1840s, ku, Mîrektiya Şêrwanê) was a Kurdish beylik centered around Şirvan after the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty. The founder of Şirvan was Emir Hasan who was a relative of Emir Kor of the Soran Emirate. The emirate ulti ...

(?–1840s) *

Emirate of Hakkâri The Emirate of Hakkâri () was a Kurdish emirate centered around the city of Hakkâri, and to the west of Lake Urmia on the border with Iran, which ruled a wide variety of peoples. At the height of its power, the emirate controlled parts of Tur ...

(?–1845) *

Principality of Zirqan The Principality of Zirqan (1335-1835) was a Kurds, Kurdish principality founded in the north of Mardin in 1335. During the Aq Qoyunlu period, they controlled the Bitlis, Diyarbakır and Mardin regions. Zirqan principality consisted of Diyarbakir ...

(1335–1835) * Emirate of Bahdinan (1339–1843) * Emirate of Bohtan (?–1833) * Principality of Mahmudi (1406–1839) * Principality of Pinyaşi (1548–1823)

Buffer zones between the Ottomans and Persia (13th century–19th century)

For various reasons, Kurdish entities existed as

buffer zone A buffer zone is a neutral zonal area that lies between two or more bodies of land, usually pertaining to countries. Depending on the type of buffer zone, it may serve to separate regions or conjoin them. Common types of buffer zones are demil ...

s between the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

and

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

throughout history. These include: *

Khoy Khanate The Khoy Khanate, also known as the Principality of Donboli, was a hereditary Kurdish khanate around Khoy and Salmas in Iran ruled by the Donboli tribe from 1210 until 1799. The khanate has been described as the most powerful khanate in the regi ...

(1210–1799) *

Emirate of Palu The Emirate of Palu (; 1495–1850) was a Kurdish emirate which existed in around Palu from 1495 to 1839 to 1850. During the collapse of Aq Qoyunlu, Husein Beg, one of the Kurdish lords from the Principality of Eğil, conquered the fortress of Pal ...

(1495–1845) *

Emirate of Bradost An emirate is a territory ruled by an emir, a title used by monarchs or high officeholders in the Muslim world. From a historical point of view, an emirate is a political-religious unit smaller than a caliphate. It can be considered equivalen ...

(1510–1609) *

Baban Baban () was a Kurdish principality existing from the 16th century to 1850, centered around Sulaymaniyah. The Baban principality played an active role in the Ottoman- Safavid conflict and gave significant military support to the Ottomans. They wer ...

(16th century–1850) *

Tabriz Khanate The Tabriz Khanate ( fa, خانات تبریز, Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijani: تبریز خانلیغی) was a Khanates of the Caucasus, Caucasian Khanate from 1757 to 1799, centered around Tabriz and led by members of the Turkification, Turk ...

(1757–1799) * Hasan Khan dynasty in Pish-e Kuh (1795–1820) *

Sarab Khanate The Sarab Khanate () was a Kurdish khanate centered around Sarab after 1747 and ruled by the Shaqaqi tribe. History Rise of the Khanate With the collapse of the Safavid Empire in 1722, the Caucasian provinces were thrown into chaos. The ...

(18th century)

Other dynasties of Kurdish ancestry

Safavid dynasty The Safavid dynasty (; fa, دودمان صفوی, Dudmâne Safavi, ) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of th ...

(1501–1736) – The dynasty was partly of Kurdish origin. *

Zand dynasty The Zand dynasty ( fa, سلسله زندیه, ') was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. It later quickly came to expand to include much of the rest of ...

(1751-1794) – The dynasty is of Kurdish Lak origin.''...the bulk of the evidence points to their being one of the northern Lur or Lak tribes, who may originally have been immigrants of Kurdish origin.'', Peter Avery, William Bayne Fisher, Gavin Hambly, Charles Melville (ed.), ''The Cambridge History of Iran: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic'', Cambridge University Press, 1991,
p. 64.
/ref>

20th-21st century entities

* Kurdish State (1918–1919) *

Kingdom of Kurdistan The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived Kurdish state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Officially, the territory involved was under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. S ...

(1921–1924 and 1925) *

Kurdistansky Uyezd Kurdistan uezd,, ku, Кӧрдӧйәзд, Kurduyezd also known colloquially as Red Kurdistan,, ku, Кӧрдьстана Сор, Kurdistana Sor was a Soviet administrative unit that existed for six years from 1923 to 1929 and included the distr ...

(1923–1929) and Kurdistan Okrug (1930) *

Republic of Ararat The Republic of Ararat, or Kurdish Republic of Ararat,Abbas Vali, ''Essays on the origins of Kurdish nationalism'', Mazda Publishers, 2003, p. 199./ref> ( ku, کۆماری ئارارات, translit=Komara Agiriyê and ku, Komara Araratê) was ...

(1927–1931) *

Republic of Mahabad The Republic of Mahabad or the Republic of Kurdistan ( ku, کۆماری کوردستان / Komara Kurdistanê; fa, جمهوری مهاباد) was a short-lived Kurdish self-governing unrecognized state in present-day Iran, from 22 January to 1 ...

(1946–1947) * Republic of Laçin (1992) *

Islamic Emirate of Byara The Islamic Emirate of Byara was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic state ruled by Sharia law which declared independence from Iraq in 2001 and ended in 2003. Foundation In September 2001, in the Byara District, located in the Avroman ...

(2001–2003) File:Kurdistan1920.png, Provisions of the

Treaty of Sèvres The Treaty of Sèvres (french: Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty ceded large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy, as well ...

for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920) File:Kingdom of kurdistan 1923.png, Kingdom of Kurdistan (1923) File:Red kurdistan 1923 1929.png, Red Kurdistan (1923–1929) File:Republic of mahabad and iranian azerbaijan 1945 1946.png, Republic of Mahabad, (1945–1946) File: Iraq kurdish areas 2003 vector.svg, Islamic Emirate of Byara (black) at their peak, controlling the entire

Halabja Governorate Halabja Governorate ( ku, پارێزگای ھەڵەبجە, Parêzgeha Helebceyê, ar, محافظة حلبجة, Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalabǧa) is a governorate in the autonomous region of Kurdistan Region in Iraq. The governorate was established in 2 ...

Current entities

Kurdistan Region Kurdistan Region ( ku, هەرێمی کوردستان, translit=Herêmî Kurdistan; ar, إقليم كردستان), abbr. KRI, is an autonomous region in Iraq comprising the four Kurdish-majority governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok, ...

(autonomous region in

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

, 1970–present) *

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, M ...

(self-proclaimed autonomous region declared during the Syrian Civil War by the PYD) (2012–present) File:Kurdistan 1975.png, Iraqi Kurdistan in 1975 File:Kurdistan 1998.png, Iraqi Kurdistan in 1998 File:Kurdistan 2012.png, Iraqi Kurdistan in 2012 File:Autonomous Region Kurdistan-en.png, Modern Iraqi Kurdistan File:De Facto Regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.png, Kurdish-led

Gallery

File:Khurasani kurdish exclave 1835.png, Khurasani Kurdish exclave circa 1835 File:Rawadids map.png, Rawadid Dynasty

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

References

{{reflist

External links

Historical map: Kurdish states in 1835

Historical map: Kurdish political enclaves and territorial demands, 1919-98
* *

Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ir ...

Kurdistan independence movement