Liliales is an order of

monocotyledon Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

ous

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disco ...

and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web

system A system is a group of Interaction, interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment (systems), environment, is described by its boundaries, ...

, within the

lilioid monocots Lilioid monocots (lilioids, liliid monocots, petaloid monocots, petaloid lilioid monocots) is an informal name used for a grade (grouping of taxa with common characteristics) of five monocot orders (Petrosaviales, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, L ...

. This order of necessity includes the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Liliaceae The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a fair ...

. The

APG III system The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a fur ...

(2009) places this order in the

monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of ...

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

. In APG III, the family Luzuriagaceae is combined with the family

Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas, from Central America to southern South America. One species of '' Luzuriaga'' occurs in N ...

and the family

Petermannia ''Petermannia'' is the sole genus of plants in the family Petermanniaceae. ''Petermannia cirrosa'', the only species in the genus, is endemic to the states of New South Wales and Queensland in Australia Australia, officially the Commo ...

ceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the

circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle * Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) *Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ...

varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with conspicuous

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

and lacking

starch Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...

in the

endosperm The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following double fertilization. It is triploid (meaning three chromosome sets per nucleus) in most species, which may be auxin-driven. It surrounds the embryo and ...

are now distributed over three orders, Liliales,

Dioscoreales The Dioscoreales are an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in modern classification systems, such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. Within the monocots Dioscoreales are grouped in the lilioid monocots ...

and

Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) is an order (biology), order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web. The order takes its name from the type (biology), type family ...

, using predominantly

molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

. The newly delimited Liliales is

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

, with ten families. Well known plants from the order include ''

Lilium ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'' (lily),

tulip Tulips (''Tulipa'') are a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly coloured, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in warm ...

, the North American wildflower ''

Trillium ''Trillium'' (trillium, wakerobin, toadshade, tri flower, birthroot, birthwort, and sometimes "wood lily") is a genus of about fifty flowering plant species in the family Melanthiaceae. ''Trillium'' species are native to temperate regions of No ...

'', and greenbrier. Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

plants, but

lianas A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...

and

shrubs A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

also occur. They are mostly

perennial plant A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

s, with food storage organs such as

corm A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation). The word ' ...

s or

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

s. The family

Corsiaceae Corsiaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system (2003) treats the family in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots. This is a slight change from the APG system, of 1998, which left the family unplaced as to order ...

is notable for being

heterotrophic A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but ...

. The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the

Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...

, or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the Southern Hemisphere, or sometimes just to

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...

. The total number of species in the order is now about 1768. As with any

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal ...

aceous group, the

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

, such as ''Petermanniopsis anglesaensis'' or ''Smilax'', but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is ''Ripogonum scandens'' from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

, over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the

of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus '' Cratosmilax'' suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America. The initial diversification to the current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago. The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,768 species.

Description

The Liliales are a diverse order of predominantly

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wide ...

erect or twining

and

climbing Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or any other part of the body to ascend a steep topographical object that can range from the world's tallest mountains (e.g. the eight thousanders), to small boulders. Climbing is done fo ...

plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous '' Gloriosa'' (Colchicaceae) and '' Bomarea'' (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

and

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

zones, while most species of the subtropical and tropical genus ''

Smilax ''Smilax'' is a genus of about 300–350 species, found in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. In China for example about 80 are found (39 of which are endemic), while there are 20 in North America north of Mexico. They are climbing flowering ...

'' (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include woody

, which have fleshy stems and underground storage or perennating organs, mainly

bulbous In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs durin ...

geophytes, sometimes

rhizomatous In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow ho ...

ous.

Leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

are elliptical and straplike with parallel venation or ovate with palmate veins and

reticulate Reticulation is a net-like pattern, arrangement, or structure. Reticulation or Reticulated may refer to: * Reticulation (single-access key), a structure of an identification tree, where there are several possible routes to a correct identificati ...

minor venation (Smilacaceae). In ''

Alstroemeria ''Alstroemeria'' (), commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexi ...

'' and '' Bomarea'' (Alstroemeriaceae) the leaves are

resupinate Resupination is derived from the Latin word ''resupinus'', meaning "bent back with the face upward" or "on the back". "Resupination" is the noun form of the adjective "resupine" which means "being upside-down, supine or facing upward". The word " ...

(twisted). The

flowers A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechani ...

are highly variable, ranging in size from the small green

actinomorphic Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirall ...

(radially symmetric) blooms of ''Smilax'' to the large showy ones found in ''

'', ''

Tulipa Tulips (''Tulipa'') are a genus of spring-blooming perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes (having bulbs as storage organs). The flowers are usually large, showy and brightly coloured, generally red, pink, yellow, or white (usually in war ...

'' and ''

Calochortus ''Calochortus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family. The group includes herbaceous, perennial and bulbous species, all native to North America (primarily the Western United States). The genus ''Calochortus'' includes mariposa ...

'' (Liliaceae) and ''

Lapageria ''Lapageria'' is a genus of flowering plants with only one known species, ''Lapageria rosea'', commonly known as Chilean bellflower or copihue (''copeewueh'', from Mapudungun ''kopiwe''). ''Lapageria rosea'' is the national flower of Chile. I ...

'' (Philesiaceae).

Sepals A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

and

petals Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to attract pollinators. All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the ''corolla''. Petals are usually ...

are undifferentiated from each other, and known as

, forming a

perianth The perianth (perigonium, perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower, and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and the corolla (petals) or tepals when ...

. They are usually large and pointed and may be variegated in ''

Fritillaria ''Fritillaria'' (fritillaries) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). The type species, ''Fritillaria meleagris'', was first described in Europe in 1571, while other species from the ...

'' (Liliaceae).

Nectaries Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualist ...

may be perigonal (at base of tepals) but not septal (on

ovaries The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. T ...

). Perigonal nectaries may be a simple secretory epidermal region at the tepal bases (''

'') or small, depressed regions fringed with hairs, often with glandular surface protuberances, at the bases of the inner tepals (''

''), while in '' Tricyrtis'' the tepals become bulbous or spur-like at the base, forming a nectar-containing sac. Ovaries may be inferior or superior, the style often long and stigma capitate (pin headed). In a number of taxa there are three separate styles, particularly some Melanthiaceae ''s.l.'' (e.g. ''

Helonias ''Helonias bullata'' (swamp pink) is a rare perennial rhizomatous herb native to the eastern United States, the only known species in the genus ''Helonias''. The root system is extensive in comparison to the apparent size of the plant on the surf ...

'', ''

Veratrum ''Veratrum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Melanthiaceae. It occurs in damp habitats across much of temperate and subarctic Europe, Asia, and North America. ''Veratrum'' species are vigorous herbaceous perennials with highly poiso ...

'') and ''

Chionographis ''Chionographis'' is a genus of plants in the Melanthiaceae first described as a genus in 1867. This genus is native to China, Japan, and Korea. ''Chionographis'' species are perennial flowering plants that grow from rhizomes. They produce a b ...

''. The outer

integument In biology, an integument is the tissue surrounding an organism's body or an organ within, such as skin, a husk, shell, germ or rind. Etymology The term is derived from ''integumentum'', which is Latin for "a covering". In a transferred, or ...

epidermis of the

seed coat A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm p ...

is cellular, and the

phytomelanin Phytomelanin (phytomelan) is a black, inert, organic material that forms a crust-like covering of some seeds, commonly found in Asparagales and Asteraceae but uncommon in other taxonomic groupings. Phytomelanin is found in most families of the As ...

pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are

plesiomorphic In phylogenetics, a plesiomorphy ("near form") and symplesiomorphy are synonyms for an ancestral character shared by all members of a clade, which does not distinguish the clade from other clades. Plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, and ...

. The Liliales are characterised by (

synapomorphies In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...

) the presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or

stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

filaments (''

Colchicum ''Colchicum'' ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coas ...

'', ''

Androcymbium ''Colchicum'' ( or ) is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coa ...

'') most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries, together with

extrorse Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that o ...

(outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other

monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

. Exceptions are some Melanthiaceae in which nectaries are absent or septal and anthers that are introrse (dehiscence directed inwards) in Campynemataceae, Colchicaceae, and some Alstroemeriaceae, Melanthiaceae, Philesiaceae, Ripogonaceae and Smilacaceae. Tepals are largely three-traced in net-veined taxa of Liliales (e.g. ''

Clintonia ''Clintonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia, in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests. The genus ...

'', ''

Disporum ''Disporum'' (commonly known as fairy bells) is a genus of about 20 species of perennial flowering plants, found in Asia from northern India to Japan, south to Indonesia and north into the Russian Far East. Taxonomy '' Disporum pullum'', from ...

''), distinguishing them from the single-traced Asparagales, and is associated with the presence of tepal nectaries, presumably to supply them. The presence of separate styles is also a distinguishing feature from Asparagales, where it is rare. Phytomelan is completely absent in Liliales seed coats, unlike Asparagales, which nearly all contain it.

Phytochemistry

The stems contain

fructan A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. Fructans with a short chain length are known as fructooligosaccharides. Fructans can be found in over 12% of the angiosperms including both monocots and dicots such as agave, artichokes, asparagus, leek ...

s, the plants also contain Chelidonic acid,

saponins Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also selectively referred to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water. They are widely distributed ...

, while some species contain

Velamen Velamen or velamen radicum is a spongy, multiple epidermis that covers the roots of some epiphytic or semi-epiphytic plants, such as orchid and '' Clivia'' species. The velamen of an orchid is the white or gray covering of aerial roots (when dry ...

. The

epicuticular wax Epicuticular wax is a coating of wax covering the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants. It may form a whitish film or bloom on leaves, fruits and other plant organs. Chemically, it consists of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly str ...

is of the Convallaria type, consisting of parallel orientated platelets.

Genome

The order includes

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

with some of the largest

genomes In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding gen ...

among

Angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

, particularly

Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to t ...

and

Taxonomy

With 11

families Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideal ...

, about 67

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

and about 1,558

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

, Liliales is a relatively small

angiosperm Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

order, but a large group within the monocotyledons.

History

Origins

The

botanical authority In botanical nomenclature, author citation is the way of citing the person or group of people who validly published a botanical name, i.e. who first published the name while fulfilling the formal requirements as specified by the '' International Co ...

for Liliales is given to

Perleb Karl Julius Perleb (20 June 1794, Konstanz – 8 June 1845, Freiburg im Breisgau) (also known as Carl Julius Perleb) was a German botanist and natural scientist. Life From 1809 to 1811, Karl Julius Perleb studied at the University of Freib ...

(1826), who grouped eleven families ( Asparageae,

Pontederiaceae Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid clade, ...

, Asphodeleae, Coronariae,

Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes 15 genera with a total of about 285 known species according to Christenhusz and Byng in 2016. Description The family is characterized by the presence of colchicine. Taxonomy The APG III ...

Dioscoreaceae Dioscoreaceae () is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, with about 715 known species in nine genera. The best-known member of the family is the yam (some species of ''Dioscorea''). The APG system (1998) and APG II system (2003) both ...

, Hypoxideae,

Amaryllideae Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae (family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus ''Crinum''. They ...

Haemodoraceae Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...

Burmanniaceae Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera. Description These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this fam ...

Irideae Irideae is a tribe included in the well-known family Iridaceae. It contains many species in five genera which are widely distributed in the Old World. The tribe derives its name from '' Iris'', which is the largest genus of the tribe. The bloom ...

) into an order he called Liliaceae. In Perleb's system, he divided the

vascular plants Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes () or collectively Tracheophyta (), form a large group of land plants ( accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They al ...

into seven classes, of which the Phanerogamicae or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders (''ordo''), including the Liliaceae. A number of later

taxonomist In biology, taxonomy () is the scientific study of naming, defining ( circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given ...

s, such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the Cormophyta into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae. The term Liliales was introduced by Lindley (1853), referring to these higher orders as Alliances. Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called the monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales. Although Bentham (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven

Series Series may refer to: People with the name * Caroline Series (born 1951), English mathematician, daughter of George Series * George Series (1920–1995), English physicist Arts, entertainment, and media Music * Series, the ordered sets used in ...

making up the

monocotyledons Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...

, it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications (''see

Table Table may refer to: * Table (furniture), a piece of furniture with a flat surface and one or more legs * Table (landform), a flat area of land * Table (information), a data arrangement with rows and columns * Table (database), how the table data ...

for history'').

Phyletic systems

Subsequent authors, now adopting a

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

(phyletic) or

evolutionary Evolution is change in the heredity, heritable Phenotypic trait, characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the Gene expression, expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to ...

approach over the natural method, did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. Eichler (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (''Reihe'') in his class monocotyledons, as did Engler (1903),

Lotsy Johannes Paulus Lotsy or Jan Paulus Lotsy (11 April 1867 – 17 November 1931) was a Dutch botanist, specializing in evolution and heredity. He promoted the idea of evolution being driven by hybridization. Career Lotsy was born into a wealthy ...

(1911), and

Wettstein Wettstein is a Swiss surname. Bearers of the name include: * Carla Wettstein (born 1946), Swiss and Australian chess master *Fritz von Wettstein (1895–1945), Austrian botanist *Johann Jakob Wettstein (1693–1754), Swiss theologian * Johann Rudol ...

in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae. Hutchinson (1973) restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include Cronquist (1981), Dahlgren (1985),

Takhtajan Armen Leonovich Takhtajan or Takhtajian ( hy, Արմեն Լևոնի Թախտաջյան; russian: Армен Леонович Тахтаджян; surname also transliterated Takhtadjan, Takhtadzhi︠a︡n or Takhtadzhian, pronounced takh-tuh-JA ...

(1997) as well as Thorne and Reveal (2007). Hutchinson (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of

subphylum In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum. The taxonomic rank of "subdivision (rank), subdivision" in fungi and plant taxonomy is equivalent to "subphylum" in zoological taxonomy. Some plant taxonomists ...

monocotyledons. Cronquist (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass

Liliidae Liliidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used (there are many such systems); the only requirement being that it includes the family Liliaceae. Liliidae in Tak ...

, one of five in the class

Liliopsida Liliopsida Batsch (synonym: Liliatae) is a botanical name for the class containing the family Liliaceae (or Lily Family). It is considered synonymous (or nearly synonymous) with the name monocotyledon. Publication of the name is credited to Scopol ...

(monocotyledons) of division

Magnoliophyta Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants t ...

(angiosperms). Dahlgren (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots.

(1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within

superorder Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...

Lilianae Lilianae (also known as Liliiflorae) is a botanical name for a superorder (that is, a rank higher than that of order) of flowering plants. Such a superorder of necessity includes the type family Liliaceae (and usually the type order Liliales). ...

, one of four within subclass

. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class

(monocots). In contrast Thorne and Reveal (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which

consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder

. In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.

Molecular phylogenetic systems

The development of

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

methods for determining

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

and

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification, and establishment of Liliales as a

group. It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision. The new classification was formalised with the creation of the

(APG) system (1998–2016), based on

clades A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, t ...

, which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved AP ...

(1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders. Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren, into

, with other taxa placed in

, resulting in a much reduced order.

Phylogeny

The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

. The monocot orders form three

grades Grade most commonly refers to: * Grade (education), a measurement of a student's performance * Grade, the number of the year a student has reached in a given educational stage * Grade (slope), the steepness of a slope Grade or grading may also r ...

, the

alismatid monocots Alismatid monocots (alismatids, basal monocots) is an informal name for a group of early branching (hence basal) monocots, consisting of two orders, the Acorales and Alismatales. The name has also been used to refer to the Alismatales alone. Mono ...

and the commelinid monocots by order of branching, from early to late. These have alternatively been referred to as Alismatanae, Lilianae and Commelinanae. The alismatid monocots form the

basal group In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the ''base'' (or root) of a phylogenetic tree#Rooted tree, rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram. The term may be more strictly applied only to nodes adjacent to the root, or more loosely applied to nodes ...

, while the remaining grades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots". The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is pectinate, that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. The lilioid monocot orders constitute a

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a

sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and t ...

to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. In the cladogram the numbers indicate

crown group In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...

(most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago). {, , Cladogram 1: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots

Biogeography and evolution

The

of Liliales has been dated to ca. 117 Myr (million years ago) in the

Early Cretaceous The Early Cretaceous ( geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name), is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous. It is usually considered to stretch from 145 Ma to 100.5 Ma. Geology Pro ...

period of the

Mesozoic The Mesozoic Era ( ), also called the Age of Reptiles, the Age of Conifers, and colloquially as the Age of the Dinosaurs is the second-to-last era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about , comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceo ...

era.

Subdivision

The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826. Many of these families are now considered to be in

, with the remainder in

commelinids In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid. The commelinids are the only clade that the APG I ...

and

, as shown in this table. {, class="wikitable" style= "font-size: 67%" ! style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Perleb
(1826) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Endlicher
(1836), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Lindley
(1853) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Bentham & Hooker
(1883), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Eichler
(1886), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Engler
(1903), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Lotsy
(1911), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Wettstein
(1924) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Hutchinson
(1973) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Cronquist
(1981), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Dahlgren
(1985), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf",

(1997), , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", Thorne & Reveal (2007) , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #ccf", APG IV (2016) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background:#F2CEEC" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Coronarieae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Coronariae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliiflorae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales, , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , , style="border-right:solid black 2px; background: #F2CEEC", Liliales , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Asparageae^A , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Asparagaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px;, , , style="border-right:solid black 2px, , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Asphodeleae^A , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Asphodelaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Colchicaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Coronariae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Liliaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Pontederiaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

^D, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Dioscoreaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , Hypoxideae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Hypoxidaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; ,

Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and s ...

^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Juncaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydriae^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Philydraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Melanthaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to th ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Melanthiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthiaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Melanthiaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Smilacaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Gilliesiaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Gilliesiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Roxburghiaceae^P, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Stemonaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Xyrideae The Xyridaceae are a family of flowering plants. This family has been recognized by many taxonomists and is known as the yellow-eyed grass family. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), also recognizes this family, ...

Mayaceae ''Mayaca'' is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae (or Mayaceae in earlier systems). In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, of 1981 ...

Commelinaceae Commelinaceae is a family of flowering plants. In less formal contexts, the group is referred to as the dayflower family or spiderwort family. It is one of five families in the order Commelinales and by far the largest of these with about 731 kn ...

Rapateaceae The Rapateaceae are a family of flowering plants. The botanical name has been recognized by most taxonomists. The APG II system of 2003 also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in the clade commelinids, in the monocots. T ...

Bromeliaceae The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain o ...

^c , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Bromeliaceae, , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Bromeliaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Velloziaceae Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales. Relationships and evolution By contrast to oth ...

^P , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Vellosiaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Velloziaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Velloziaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Taccaceae The genus ''Tacca'', which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various oceanic islands. In older text ...

^D , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Taccaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Aloinaceae Asphodeloideae is a subfamily of the monocot family Asphodelaceae in the order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Asphodelaceae ''sensu stricto''. The family Asphodelaceae has now been proposed to be a nomen conserv ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Eriospermaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Johnsoniaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Agapanthaceae Agapanthoideae is a monotypic subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It is one of three subfamilies of Amaryllidaceae. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Agapanthaceae. The subfamily ...

Alliaceae Allioideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae, order Asparagales. It was formerly treated as a separate family, Alliaceae. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, '' Allium'' ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Tulipaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Scillaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Dracaenaceae Nolinoideae is a monocot subfamily of the family Asparagaceae in the APG III system of 2009. It used to be treated as a separate family, Ruscaceae s.l. The family name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Nolina''. The subfam ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Luzuriagaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Luzuriagaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Ophiopogonaceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Lomandraceae^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Dasypogonaceae Dasypogonaceae is a family of flowering plants, one that has not been commonly recognized by taxonomists; the plants it contains were usually included in the family Xanthorrhoeaceae. If valid, Dasypogonaceae includes four genera with 16 species. ...

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Calectasiaceae^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Flagellariaceae ''Flagellaria'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant family Flagellariaceae with only five species.Wepfer, P. H., & Linder, H. P. (2014). The taxonomy of Flagellaria (Flagellariaceae). Australian Systematic Botany, 27(3), 159-179. https://dx. ...

Cyanastraceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (un ...

^c, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Cyanastraceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Cyanastraceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px",

Agavaceae Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agav ...

^A, , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", Agavaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (un ...

Trilliaceae Trilliaceae was a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognised as distinct since 1846 when it was recognized; this tablfor a summarizes the placement of these taxa. The family has been recognized by taxonomists such as Takhtajan, ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Trilliaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Melanthiaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Ruscaceae Nolinoideae is a monocot subfamily of the family Asparagaceae in the APG III system of 2009. It used to be treated as a separate family, Ruscaceae s.l. The family name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Nolina''. The subfam ...

Xanthorrhoeaceae ''Xanthorrhoea'' () is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants endemic to Australia. Species are known by the name grass tree. Description All are perennials and have a secondary thickening meristem in the stem. Many, but not all, ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Alstroemeriaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Alstroemeriaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Uvulariaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Colchicaceae
Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Calochortaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Geosiridaceae ''Geosiris'' is a genus in the flowering plant family Iridaceae, first described in 1894. It was thought for many years to contain only one species, '' Geosiris aphylla'', endemic to Madagascar. But then in 2010, a second species was described, ' ...

^A , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Medeolaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , (in Liliaceae) , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Campynemataceae Campynemataceae (Campynemaceae) is a family of flowering plants. The family consists of two genera and four species of perennial herbaceous plants endemic to New Caledonia and Tasmania. Taxonomy Originally described by Dumortier in 1829, Campy ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Petermanniaceae , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Petermanniaceae , - , style="border-right:solid black 2px; , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px", , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , , , style="border-right:solid black 2px" , Rhipogonaceae, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

Ripogonaceae ''Ripogonum'' (sometimes ''Rhipogonum'') is a genus of flowering plants confined to eastern Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Until recently this genus was included in the family Smilacaceae, and earlier in the family Liliaceae, but it ha ...

Philesiaceae Philesiaceae is a family of flowering plants, including two genera, each with a single species. The members of the family are woody shrubs or vines endemic to southern Chile. The APG III system, of 2009 (unchanged from the APG II system of 2003 ...

, , style="border-right:solid black 2px" ,

, - , colspan=14 , Treatment of families in modern taxonomy (APG), remaining families included in Liliales: * A:

Pandanales Pandanales, the pandans or screw-pines, is an order of flowering plants placed in the monocot clade in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web systems. Within the monocots Pandanales are grouped in the lilioid monocots wh ...

The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families; # Liliaceae group: Liliaceae (including some former Uvulariaceae and Calochortaceae), and Smilacaceae (including Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae) # Campynemataceae # Colchicaceae group: Colchicaceae (including

and

Uvularia ''Uvularia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Colchicaceae, which is closely related to the lily family (Liliaceae). They are commonly called bellworts, bellflowers or merrybells. The genus name is derived from the Latin ''ūvula'' me ...

), Alstroemeriaceae and Luzuriaga # Melanthiaceae (including

) The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had the following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae: * order Liliales *: family

*: family

*: family Luzuriagaceae *: family

*: family

Smilacaceae Smilacaceae, the greenbriers, is a family of flowering plants. While they were often assigned to a more broadly defined family Liliaceae, most recent botanists have accepted the two as distinct families, diverging around 55 million years ago dur ...

The

APG II system The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gro ...

(2003) added

to the Liliales, while

APG III APG is an abbreviation with several different meanings: * Aberdeen Proving Ground, a United States Army installation in Aberdeen, Maryland, also ** Phillips Army Airfield, the airfield of the above, from its IATA airport code * Aboriginal Provisiona ...

(2009) added

ceae and merged Luzuriagaceae into Alstroemeriaceae. The subsequent revision of

APG IV The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publishe ...

(2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families. The exact phylogenetic relationship between the families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the

Angiosperm Phylogeny Website The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (or APweb) is a website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy. The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden website and maintained by researchers, Peter F. Stevens and Hilary M. Davis ...

(2020): The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the very diverse family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster.

Families

{, ,

Corsiaceae

The Corsiaceae (ghost-flower family) are a very small family of 3

mycoheterotrophic Myco-heterotrophy (from Greek μύκης , "fungus", ἕτερος ', "another", "different" and τροφή ', "nutrition") is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food fro ...

genera, lacking

chlorophyll Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ("pale green") and , ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allow plants to a ...

, with 27 species of perennial herbaceous plants. They are found in montane forests in South America (one genus) and from southern China to northern Australia in areas with high rainfall, and among dense leaf litter. The majority of species occur in the type genus '' Corsia''. The name commemorates the Florentine plant collector Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati (1844–1907). {, , Campynema purple

Campynemataceae

The Campynemataceae (Green-mountainlily family) are a very small family of two genera and four species of rhizomatous herbaceous plants found in Tasmania and

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

. The name is derived from the

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

words ''kampylos'' (curved) and nema (thread). {, , Veratrum album Aubrac

Melanthiaceae

The Melanthiaceae (Wake Robin family) is a family of perennial herbaceous plants, whose storage organs include bulbs, rhizomes and corms (rarely, e.g. ''

Schoenocaulon ''Schoenocaulon'' is a North American genus of perennial herbaceous flowering plants, ranging from the southern United States to Peru. It is a member of the Melanthiaceae, according to the APG III classification system, and is placed in the trib ...

''). Their distribution is temperate and boreal Northern hemisphere, in the Americas extending south to the Andes and in Asia to the Himalayas and Taiwan. Melanthiaceae consists of 17 genera and 173 species distributed in a number of subdivisions. The largest genus is ''

'' (44 species) but many genera are monotypic. A number of genera, including ''Trillium'' are used as garden ornamentals, especially for woodland gardens. ''

Paris japonica is a Japanese species of plants in the genus ''Paris'' in the family Melanthiaceae.Ohwi, J. (1984). Flora of Japan (in English): 1-1067. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. It is native to sub-alpine regions of Japan. A slow growing per ...

'' is noted for having the largest

genome In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding ge ...

known to date. The family name is derived from the Greek words ''melas'' (black) and ''anthos'' (flower) in reference to the dark colour of the petals. {, ,

Petermanniaceae

The Petermanniaceae (Petermann's vine family) consists of a single species, ''Petermannia cirrosa'', a perennial woody vine with underground rhizomes. ''Petermannia'' is restricted to Queensland and New South Wales, in temperate rainforests between Brisbane and Sydney. The family was named for Wilhelm Ludwwig Petermann (1806–1855), director of the botanical garden at Leipzig. {, , Colchicum autumnale

Colchicaceae

The Colchicaceae (Naked-ladies or Colchicum family) are perennial erect and climbing plants with underground corms, tubers and rhizomes. They are herbaceous with the exception of ''

Kuntheria ''Kuntheria'' is a plant genus related to ''Schelhammera''. It contains one species, ''Kuntheria pedunculata'' (F.Muell.) Conran & Clifford, endemic to Queensland, Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a so ...

'' which has a somewhat woody stem. Their distribution is widespread including in temperate zones in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle east and tropical zones in Africa, Asia and Australasia. They are absent from South America. The family is of medium size with 15 genera and about 285 species. The largest genus is the type genus, ''Colchicum'', with 159spp. Although the alkaloids, which characterise them, they contain are toxic to animals and humans, Colchicine has usage medicinally and in botanical laboratories. They are also include popular garden and indoor ornamentals. These include ''

'' and '' Gloriosa''. The family is named after

Colchis In Greco-Roman geography, Colchis (; ) was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi ( ka, ეგრისი) located on the coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia (country), Georgia. Its population, the Colchians a ...

on the eastern Black Sea. {, , , Alstroemeria pelegrina

Alstroemeriaceae

The Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lily family) are erect or creeping perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants with occasional shrubby vines, some of which have evergreen stems. They are occasionally epiphytic and form often swollen rhizomes. They are found in tropical and temperate Central and South America, as well as Australasia. There are two large genera (Alstroemerieae), the erect ''

'' (S America 125 spp.) and twining '' Bomarea'' (Central & S America 122 spp.) and two very small genera (Luzuriageae) with 2 and 4 species each, for a total of 253 species in the family. Two species are widely used for food in S America, ''

Alstroemeria ligtu ''Alstroemeria ligtu'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Alstroemeriaceae Alstroemeriaceae is a family of flowering plants, with 254 known species in four genera (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ), almost entirely native to the Americas ...

'' is used for a flour (

Chuño Chuño () is a freeze drying, freeze-dried potato product traditionally made by Quechua people, Quechua and Aymara people, Aymara communities of Bolivia and Peru, and is known in various countries of South America, including Bolivia, Peru, Chile a ...

) that is extracted from its roots, while the tubers of ''

Bomarea edulis ''Bomarea edulis'', common name salsilla, is a species of flowering plant in the alstroemeria family Alstroemeriaceae, that is native to the tropics of Mexico and the United States. A deciduous climber growing to tall and wide, it has lanceolate ...

'' are directly consumed. ''

Luzuriaga radicans ''Luzuriaga radicans'' (quilineja) is a species of flowering plant in the genus '' Luzuriaga'' of the family Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lilies), part of the monocot order Liliales. Description ''Luzuriaga radicans'' is an evergreen climbing pla ...

'', also from S America, produces fibre used in rope making. ''Alstroemeria'' cultivars are popular ornamentals and widely used as

cut flowers Cut flowers are flowers or flower buds (often with some stem and leaf) that have been cut from the plant bearing it. It is usually removed from the plant for decorative use. Typical uses are in vase displays, wreaths and garlands. Many gardene ...

(Peruvian lilies). The family is named for Baron Clas Alströmer (1736–1794), a student of Linnaeus. {, , , Ripogonum scandens Ulva Island 2

Ripogonaceae

The Ripogonaceae (Supplejack family) is a very small family, with a single genus, ''Ripogonum'' and six species. They are woody evergreen shrubs and vines arising from a horizontal rhizome, swollen at its base to form a tuber. They are confined to Eastern Australasia, with the type species, ''Ripogonum scandens'' as the sole New Zealand species. The stems have a use in basketry and building and the young shoots are edible. The name is derived from two Greek words, ''ripos'' (wicker) and ''gony'' (node) in reference to their node bearing shoots. {, , ,

Philesiaceae

The Philesiaceae (Chilean-bellflower family) are a very small family consisting of two monotypic genera, the two species being '' Philesia magellanica'' and the similar '' Lapageria rosea''. They grow from a short woody rhizome, forming shrubs and vines respectively. They are found in the cool

temperate forest A temperate forest is a forest found between the tropical and boreal regions, located in the temperate zone. It is the second largest biome on our planet, covering 25% of the world's forest area, only behind the boreal forest, which covers abou ...

of central and southern Chile,

Magellan straits The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural pass ...

and adjacent Argentina, among the southern beech (

Nothofagus ''Nothofagus'', also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and Australasia (east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Gui ...

) trees. ''Lapageria'' is the

national flower In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to ...

of Chile and a popular ornamental with edible fruit. The name is thought to be related to the Greek word ''phileo'' (love), because of the attractiveness of its flowers. {, , , Smilax aspera

Smilacaceae

The Smilacaceae (Catbrier family) consist of a single large genus, ''

'', with about 210 species, making it the second largest family of the order, after Liliaceae. They are perennial vines, shrubs or herbaceous, sometimes woody, plants with short fibrous woody (sometimes tuberous) rhizomes. Smilacaceae are pantropical with extension into temperate zones north (N America, Mediterranean, Russian Far East) and south (Eastern Australia). A number of species have been used in traditional medicine and as foodstuffs. '' Smilax china'' was used to treat

gout Gout ( ) is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot and swollen joint, caused by deposition of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals. Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensit ...

. '' S. aristolochiifolia'' was used to treat

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, an ...

(but later as sarsaparilla to flavor

root beer Root beer is a sweet North American soft drink traditionally made using the root bark of the sassafras tree ''Sassafras albidum'' or the vine of ''Smilax ornata'' (known as sarsaparilla, also used to make a soft drink, Sarsaparilla (soft drink ...

and confectionary). The fruit of '' S. megacarpa'' is consumed in conserves. The young shoots of many species are also edible. The family is named after the Greek myth of the affair between the mortal Krokos (or

Crocus ''Crocus'' (; plural: crocuses or croci) is a genus of seasonal flowering plants in the family Iridaceae (iris family) comprising about 100 species of perennials growing from corms. They are low growing plants, whose flower stems remain undergro ...

) and the nymph Smilax, whose punishment was to be turned into the prickly vine ''

Smilax aspera ''Smilax aspera'', with common names common smilax, rough bindweed, sarsaparille,

Liliaceae

The lily family, Liliaceae, are the largest Liliales family, with 15 genera and about 700 species, though much reduced from earlier circumscriptions, in four subfamilies. Of these genera, ''

Gagea ''Gagea'' is a large genus of spring flowers in the lily family. It is found primarily in Eurasia with a few species extending into North Africa and one species (''Gagea serotina'') in North America. The genus is named after the English natur ...

'' is the largest (204 spp.), but some are quite small, with '' Medeola'' being monotypic. They are perennial herbaceous plants, growing from bulbs or corms (rarely creeping rhizomes), with actinomorphic hypogynous flowers that are often coloured and patterned. They are predominantly northern temperate in distribution, with extension to subtropical areas of N Africa, India, China and

Luzon Luzon (; ) is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the Philippines archipelago, it is the economic and political center of the nation, being home to the country's capital city, Manila, as ...

, but are absent from the southern hemisphere. The bulbs have been used as foodstuffs or in traditional medicine. ''

Cardiocrinum cordatum ''Cardiocrinum cordatum'', also known as Turep in the Ainu Languages, is a Northeast Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Japan and to certain Russian islands in the Sea of Okhotsk (Sakhalin, Kuril Islands). Because of ...

'' and ''

Erythronium japonicum ''Erythronium japonicum'', known as Asian fawn lily, Oriental fawn lily, Japanese fawn lily is a pink-flowered species trout lily, belonging to the Lily family and native to Japan, Korea, the Russian Far East ( Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands ...

'' are sources of starch. Many Liliaceae are important in the floriculture and horticulture industries, particularly ''

'' and ''

'', but also ''

''. Many are also important ornamentals, such as ''

'', ''

Cardiocrinum ''Cardiocrinum'' is a genus of bulbous plants of the lily family first described in 1846. They are native to the Himalaya, China, the Russian Far East, and Japan. The bulbs are usually formed at the soil surface. The preferred habitat is woodlan ...

'', ''

Erythronium ''Erythronium'', the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family, most closely related to tulips. The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek () "red" in ...

'' and '' Tricyrtis''. The name is derived from the Latin word for lily, ''lilium'', which in turn is derived from the Greek ''leirion'', a white lily.

Distribution and habitat

Widely distributed but most commonly found in

subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...

and

regions, especially herbaceous taxa in temperate regions of the

, and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, including vines. Since many species are cultivated they have been introduced in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and

naturalised Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the i ...

Uses

Liliales form important sources of food and

pharmaceuticals A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and rel ...

as well as playing a significant role in

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

and

floriculture Floriculture, or flower farming, is a branch of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising the floral industry. The development of new varieties by plant breeding is ...

as ornamental plants. Pharmaceutical products include

colchicine Colchicine is a medication used to treat gout and Behçet's disease. In gout, it is less preferred to NSAIDs or steroids. Other uses for colchicine include the management of pericarditis and familial Mediterranean fever. Colchicine is taken ...

from ''

'' and ''Gloriosa'' (Colchicaceae) and

veratrine Veratridine is a steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family, specifically the genera ''Veratrum'' and ''Schoenocaulon''. Upon absorption through the skin or mucous membranes, it acts as a neurotoxin by binding to and preventing the ina ...

and related compounds from ''

'' (Melanthiaceae) and ''

Zigadenus ''Zigadenus'' is a genus of flowering plants now containing only one species, ''Zigadenus glaberrimus'', the sandbog death camas, found in the southeastern United States from Mississippi to Virginia. Around 20 species were formerly included in th ...

'' (Melanthiaceae).

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and symposia

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Excerpts
;Taxonomic systems * *
''Additional excerpts''
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additional excerpts
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Historical sources

* * * * * , see also

Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1892–) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) is a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further. As such it forms part of the Engler system of plant taxonomy. Engler's starting poin ...

* * * *

Chapters

* * , In * , In * * , in

Articles

* * * * * * * * * * * * ;APG * * * * *

Websites

* * * (''see also''

) * (''see also''

) *

Description

Phytochemistry

Genome

Taxonomy

History

Origins

Phyletic systems

Molecular phylogenetic systems

Phylogeny

Biogeography and evolution

Subdivision

Families

Corsiaceae

Campynemataceae

Melanthiaceae

Petermanniaceae

Colchicaceae

Alstroemeriaceae

Ripogonaceae

Philesiaceae

Smilacaceae

Liliaceae

Distribution and habitat

Uses

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books and symposia

Historical sources

Chapters

Articles

Websites

Further reading

Books and symposia

Historical sources

Articles

Websites