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Ląd Abbey is a former
Cistercian The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Sain ...
monastery in Ląd,
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is divided into Voivodeships of Poland, sixteen voivodeships and is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union (EU), with over 38 mill ...
. It currently houses a seminary, the Higher Seminary of the Salesian Society, run by the
Salesian order , image = File:Stemma big.png , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of arms , abbreviation = SDB , formation = , founder = John Bosco , founding_location = Valdocco, Turin ...
. On 1 July 2009, Ląd Abbey was designated an official Polish
Historic Monument A monument is a type of structure that was explicitly created to commemorate a person or event, or which has become relevant to a social group as a part of their remembrance of historic times or cultural heritage, due to its artistic, his ...
.


History


Cistercians

According to tradition, the Cistercian monastery of Ląd was founded around 1145 and was one of the seven daughter houses of Altenberg Abbey near
Cologne Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
. Monks continued to be recruited from the
Rhineland The Rhineland (german: Rheinland; french: Rhénanie; nl, Rijnland; ksh, Rhingland; Latinised name: ''Rhenania'') is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section. Term Historically, the Rhineland ...
into the sixteenth century. Around 1300, the monastery possessed 30 villages. In 1331 the monastery was sacked by the
Teutonic Knights The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians on ...
, perhaps in retaliation for the abbey's support of Poland in the conflict between them and the Order. The monastery grew through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and by 1500 possessed 52 villages and 3 towns, including Zagórów. In 1511 a ruling in the
Sejm The Sejm (English: , Polish: ), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland ( Polish: ''Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej''), is the lower house of the bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of ...
allowed Polish monks to enter the abbey. By 1538, the rules required the
abbot Abbot is an ecclesiastical title given to the male head of a monastery in various Western religious traditions, including Christianity. The office may also be given as an honorary title to a clergyman who is not the head of a monastery. Th ...
to come from a Polish noble family. After the election of the Polish monk
Jan Wysocki Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Numbe ...
to the abbacy, the German Cistercians left the abbey for Henryków Abbey in
Silesia Silesia (, also , ) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately , and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000. Silesia is spli ...
. In 1651, Abbot
Jan Zapolski Jan, JaN or JAN may refer to: Acronyms * Jackson, Mississippi (Amtrak station), US, Amtrak station code JAN * Jackson-Evers International Airport, Mississippi, US, IATA code * Jabhat al-Nusra (JaN), a Syrian militant group * Japanese Article Num ...
initiated a Baroque rebuilding of the church, which is the structure that remains to this day. The abbey flourished in 1697–1750 under the abbacy of
Antoni Mikołaj Łukomski Antoni is a Catalan, Polish, and Slovene given name and a surname used in the eastern part of Spain, Poland and Slovenia. As a Catalan given name it is a variant of the male names Anton and Antonio. As a Polish given name it is a variant of the fe ...
, a philosopher and patron of art and learning. However, the abbey began to decline at the turn of the eighteenth century. Many possessions were sold off, and in 1796, the abbey saw most of its land holdings confiscated for an annual cash payment by the government of the
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...
, which annexed the village in the
Second Partition of Poland The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian ...
in 1793. Shifting borders saw Ląd return to Polish rule under the short-lived
Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw ( pl, Księstwo Warszawskie, french: Duché de Varsovie, german: Herzogtum Warschau), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during ...
in 1807, and then in 1815 pass under the
Russian Partition The Russian Partition ( pl, zabór rosyjski), sometimes called Russian Poland, constituted the former territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that were annexed by the Russian Empire in the course of late-18th-century Partitions of P ...
, which dissolved the monastery in 1819. The last monks remained at the abbey until 1848.


Capuchins

In 1822 the monastery was acquired by Count
Wacław Gutakowski Wacław is a Polish masculine given name. It is a borrowing of cz, Václav, Latinized as Wenceslaus. For etymology and cognates in other languages, see Wenceslaus. It may refer to: * Wacław Leszczyński *Wacław of Szamotuły *Wacław Hańsk ...
, who arranged for the abbey to pass to
Capuchins Capuchin can refer to: *Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, an order of Roman Catholic friars *Capuchin Poor Clares, an order of Roman Catholic contemplative religious sisters *Capuchin monkey, primates of the genus ''Cebus'' and ''Sapajus'', named af ...
from
Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is official ...
and for the restoration and furnishing of both the church and cloister. The Capuchin cloister was closed by the Tsar in 1864 as part of the retribution after the
January Uprising The January Uprising ( pl, powstanie styczniowe; lt, 1863 metų sukilimas; ua, Січневе повстання; russian: Польское восстание; ) was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at ...
.


Salesians

Following
World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, ...
, in 1918, Poland regained independence and control of the village. Since 1921 Ląd Abbey has been operated and maintained by the Salesian order and houses a
seminary A seminary, school of theology, theological seminary, or divinity school is an educational institution for educating students (sometimes called ''seminarians'') in scripture, theology, generally to prepare them for ordination to serve as clergy ...
of that order. During the
occupation of Poland Occupation commonly refers to: * Occupation (human activity), or job, one's role in society, often a regular activity performed for payment *Occupation (protest), political demonstration by holding public or symbolic spaces *Military occupation, t ...
in World War II, the Salesians were forced to evacuate the cloister and the church was shuttered. From 1939 to 1941, the abbey was used as a transitional prison for priests, primarily from the Diocese of Włocławek (see: ''
Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland During the German Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), the Nazis brutally suppressed the Catholic Church in Poland, most severely in German-occupied areas of Poland. Thousands of churches and monasteries were systematically closed, seized or des ...
''). After the prison was closed, the cloister served for a time as a camp for the
Hitlerjugend The Hitler Youth (german: Hitlerjugend , often abbreviated as HJ, ) was the youth organisation of the Nazi Party in Germany. Its origins date back to 1922 and it received the name ("Hitler Youth, League of German Worker Youth") in July 1926. ...
. The Salesians returned after the war and reopened the seminary. In 1952, the
Communist government A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state that is administered and governed by a communist party guided by Marxism–Leninism. Marxism–Leninism was the state ideology of the Soviet Union, the Comint ...
forced the closing of the lower seminary, and Ląd became the home of a high seminary, the Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego. In 1972, a major program of renovation and reconstruction was begun. In 2009, the former Cistercian monastery was added to the List of Historical Monuments in Poland.


Gallery

File:Lad-pazdziernik.jpg, View from the
Warta The river Warta ( , ; german: Warthe ; la, Varta) rises in central Poland and meanders greatly north-west to flow into the Oder, against the German border. About long, it is Poland's second-longest river within its borders after the Vistula, a ...
File:Ląd, dawne opactwo cystersów, widok od zachodu.jpg, View from the west File:Krużganek.JPG, Eastern cloister File:123-bis.JPG, Frescos in the oratorium the Apostle James, foundation scene File:Ląd-kościół-.jpg, Post-Cistercian Church of the Virgin and St. Nicholas, interior File:Transept-Urszula.jpg, Altar-reliquary of St. Ursula and epitaph of Abbot Mikołaj Antoni Łukomski File:Kopuła.JPG, Dome by Pompeo Ferrari with frescos by Jerzy Wilhelm Neunhertz File:Ląd-stiuki-sklepienia.jpg, Ceiling of presbytery and transept


References


Bibliography

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. Studia ofiarowane prof. Zbigniewowi Bani w 65. rocznicę urodzin i 40-lecie pracy dydaktycznej, Warszawa 2011, s. 318–337. * Janusz Nowiński, ''Od spustoszenia i ruiny do Pomnika Historii – salezjanie w trosce o Ląd i jego zabytki w latach 1921-2011'', w: Salezjanie w Lądzie 1921–2011, red. J. Nowiński, Warszawa-Ląd 2011, s. 54–71. * Janusz Nowiński, ''„Żelaza lane” z XVIII i XIX w. w dawnym opactwie cysterskim w Lądzie nad Wartą'', w: Dawne i nowsze odlewnictwo w Polsce – wyroby żeliwne i inne, red. Katarzyna Kluczwajd, Toruń 2011, s. 19–30. * Andrzej M. Wyrwa, Procesy fundacyjne wielkopolskich klasztorów cysterskich linii altenberskiej. Łekno, Ląd, Obra, Poznań 1995 * A.M. Wyrwa, Opactwo cysterskie w Lądzie nad Wartą. Wstępne, sondażowe badania wykopaliskowe w 2006 roku, Architektus nr 23,1(2008), s. 41-53 * Andrzej M. Wyrwa, Klasztor pocysterski w Lądzie nad Wartą. Zarys historii budowy, stan badań archeologiczno-architektonicznych i wstępne wyniki sondażowych badań wykopaliskowych w 2006 roku (stan. L11 – wirydarz), Fontes Archaeologici Posnanienses, t. 44, Poznań 2008, s. 143-184 * Andrzej M. Wyrwa, Zakon cystersów i jego klasztor w Lądzie. Wybrane problemy z dziejów, w: Ląd nad Wartą. Dziedzictwo kultury słowiańskiej i cysterskiej, red. M. Brzostowicz, H. Mizerska, J. Wrzesiński, Poznań-Ląd 2005, s. 61-99 * Monasticon Cisterciense Poloniae, red. A.M. Wyrwa, J. Strzelczyk, K. Kaczmarek, t.1. Dzieje i kultura męskich klasztorów cysterskich na ziemiach polskich i dawnej Rzeczypospolitej od średniowiecza do czasów współczesnych, Poznań 1999, t. 2. Katalog męskich klasztorów cysterskich na ziemiach polskich i dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, Poznań 1999 - A. M. Wyrwa, Ląd, w: Monasticon Cisterciense Poloniae (...), Poznań 1999, t. II, s. 189–201,ryc. 122-136 * Andrzej M. Wyrwa, Die „kölnischen Klöster” der Altenberger Linie in GroBpolen”. Die Frage der nationalen Exklusivität der Zisterzienserabteien in Lekno Wągrowiec (Lekno-Wongrowitz), Ląd, (Lond) und Obra, Analecta Cisterciensia 54(2002), z. 1–2, s.186-216 * Andrzej M. Wyrwa, Die Frage der nationalen Exklusivitat der Zisterzienserabteien in Łekno-Wągrowiec (Lekno-Wongrowitz), Ląd (Lond) und Obra, Altenberger Blätter, H. 10, Dezember 2000, s. 28-51


External links


Opactwo w Lądzie

Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Towarzystwa Salezjańskiego w Lądzie n. Wartą
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lad Abbey Baroque architecture in Poland Baroque monasteries Buildings and structures in Greater Poland Voivodeship Christian monasteries established in the 12th century Cistercian monasteries in Poland 12th-century establishments in Poland Religious organizations established in the 1140s Catholic universities and colleges in Poland