given name
A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a f ...
Lý Thiên Tộ ( 李天祚), was chosen as the successor of his father Lý Thần Tông at the age of only two, the early period of his reign witnessed the dominant position of Đỗ Anh Vũ in the royal court until he died in 1157; afterwards, the Emperor ruled the country with the assistance of a prominent official named Tô Hiến Thành. The reign of Lý Anh Tông was considered the last relatively stable period of the Lý dynasty before the turbulence during the reign of Lý Cao Tông.
Early years
Anh Tông was born during the third lunar month of 1136 as Lý Thiên Tộ, the first son of Lý Thần Tông and Lê Thị, the
Emperor
The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...
and Empress of Vietnam. Initially Lý Thiên Tộ wasn't chosen as the Lý dynasty
crown prince
A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title, crown princess, is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent.
''Crown prince ...
because his father preferred Lý Thiên Lộc, four years older and the son of his favourite concubine. In the ninth month of 1138, the ill emperor decided to make Lý Thiên Tộ his successor and demote Lý Thiên Lộc to
Prince
A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary, in some European states. The ...
Minh Đạo ( Vietnamese: Minh Đạo vương) after a campaign launched by three other concubines of the Emperor, Ladies Cảm Thánh, Nhật Phụng and Phụng Thánh, who were afraid that the coronation of a concubine's son would threaten their positions in the royal family.
Soon after naming his successor, on the 26th day of the same month, Lý Thần Tông died. On the first day of the tenth lunar month (5 November), two-year-old Lý Anh Tông ascended the throne. After changing the era name to Thiệu Minh, he elevated his mother (Lady Cảm Thánh) to Empress Emeritus Lê Thị of the Lý dynasty. During his 37-year reign, Lý Anh Tông had three more era names: Đại Định (1140–1162), Chính Long Bảo Ứng (1163–1173) and Thiên Cảm Chí Bảo (1174–1175).
As emperor
Early reign (1138–1157)
Since he had attained the throne at such a young age, the child emperor was ruler in name only, with the real power in Empress Lê Thị, who acted as
regent
In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...
for her son. Since Empress Lê Thị favored Đỗ Anh Vũ, the royal court witnessed the rising power of this official who decided almost all matters of the country and despised other officials. According to Ngô Sĩ Liên in '' Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư'', the reason for the favouritism of Empress Lê Thị for Đỗ Anh Vũ was the secret personal relationship between them; as a result, some mandarins such as Vũ Đái, Nguyễn Dương, Nguyễn Quốc, and Dương Tự Minh tried to topple Đỗ Anh Vũ but failed and thus died under his order. After the death of the Empress in 1147, Đỗ Anh Vũ maintained his strong position in the royal court until his death in the eighth month of 1158. The rise of Đỗ Anh Vũ in the royal court was considered by Ngô Sĩ Liên as a bad judgment on the Emperor's part and one of the more serious weaknesses of Lý Anh Tông's reign.
In 1140, the priest Thân Lợi, calling himself the son of Lý Nhân Tông, raised a revolt against Lý Anh Tông in the northern region (now Thái Nguyên). The army of Thân Lợi successfully dominated the frontier region and defeated the army of the royal court led by the high-ranking official Lưu Vũ Nhĩ. After the victory, Thân Lợi, proclaimed himself King Bình (Bình Vương), and directly attacked the capital Thăng Long. Đỗ Anh Vũ, the chancellor, assumed the task of suppressing the rebellion, a mission that he accomplished after five months. Thân Lợi was later captured by Tô Hiến Thành and beheaded on the order of Lý Anh Tông.
The Lý dynasty issued several edicts during the early years of Lý Anh Tông's reign designed to lessen the more severe laws at that time. In 1142, to memorialize the rebellion of the Trưng sisters against the Chinese domination, Lý Anh Tông ordered the still existing Temple of Trưng sisters be built in the southern suburbs of Thăng Long. Lý Anh Tông was also considered the first emperor of Đại Việt to promote
Buddhism
Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...
as the state religion. Another critical decision of the royal court was the military campaign against the King Jaya Harivarman I of Champa to replace Harivarman I with Vangsaraja, who was supported by the Lý dynasty.Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., In 1152, Lý Anh Tông appointed the general Lý Mông to command over 5,000 soldiers. Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An began the campaign, which ultimately ended in defeat for the Lý dynasty and the deaths of both Lý Mông and Vamsaraja at Battle of Mỹ Sơn. In 1154, to heal the broken relation with the Lý dynasty, Jaya Harivarman I sent his daughter to Đại Việt, where the Lý king married her as his concubine. The decision of Lý Anh Tông was criticized by the historians Ngô Sĩ Liên and Lê Văn Hưu, who argued that instead of accepting the offer, the Emperor should have opened another campaign to punish the kingdom of Champa.
Later reign (1158–1175)
After the death of Đỗ Anh Vũ, Lý Anh Tông ruled the country with the assistance of the prominent official Tô Hiến Thành. It was Tô Hiến Thành who successfully pacified the revolt of the Ngưu Hống and Ai Lao forces on the western border in 1159, and he had another victory against the Champa army in 1167, which stabilized the southern border. Originally holding only military positions in the royal court, Tô Hiến Thành not only helped the Emperor to improve the quality of the Lý army, but he also paid attention to the development of Confucian learning in the country. On the advice of Tô Hiến Thành, Lý Anh Tông established the first
temple of Confucius
A temple of Confucius or Confucian temple is a temple for the veneration of Confucius and the sages and philosophers of Confucianism in Chinese folk religion and other East Asian religions. They were formerly the site of the administration of ...
in Thăng Long in 1156, formerly
Confucius
Confucius (; pinyin: ; ; ), born Kong Qiu (), was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Much of the shared cultural heritage of the Sinosphere originates in the phil ...
was jointly worshipped in the Temple of Literature, Hanoi.
In 1164, the relationship between the Lý dynasty and the
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...
significantly changed when the Emperor Xiaozong of Song decided to acknowledge Đại Việt as the Kingdom of Annam (An Nam quốc), which had been formerly designated the District of Giao Chỉ (Giao Chỉ quận), by his predecessors. Thereafter the Song dynasty formally recognized the ruler of Đại Việt as a king (Quốc vương) instead of a district prince (Quận vương).Vân Đồn The principal port of trade between Đại Việt and
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
was also opened in 1149 by order of Lý Anh Tông.
Lý Anh Tông died in the seventh month of 1175 at the age of 39. Before his death, the emperor entrusted Tô Hiến Thành with the regency of his 3-year-old crown prince, despite efforts from the empress to supply another prince for the throne. This final act by Lý Anh Tông was appreciated by the historian Ngô Sĩ Liên as the right decision to maintain the
order of succession
An order, line or right of succession is the line of individuals necessitated to hold a high office when it becomes vacated, such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility.Lý Long Trát, who was born on the 25th day of the fifth month in 1173.