László Moholy-Nagy (; ; born László Weisz; July 20, 1895 – November 24, 1946) was a Hungarian painter and photographer as well as a professor in the

Bauhaus The Staatliches Bauhaus (), commonly known as the , was a German art school operational from 1919 to 1933 that combined Decorative arts, crafts and the fine arts.Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., ...

school. He was highly influenced by constructivism and a strong advocate of the integration of technology and industry into the arts. The art critic Peter Schjeldahl called him "relentlessly experimental" because of his pioneering work in painting, drawing, photography, collage, sculpture, film, theater, and writing. He also worked collaboratively with other artists, including his first wife

Lucia Moholy Lucia Moholy (née Schulz; 18 January 1894 — 17 May 1989) was a photographer and publications editor. Her photos documented the architecture and products of the Bauhaus, and introduced their ideas to a post-World War II audience. However, Mohol ...

Walter Gropius Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (; 18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) was a German-born American architect and founder of the Bauhaus, Bauhaus School, who is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of modernist architecture. He was a founder of ...

Marcel Breuer Marcel Lajos Breuer ( ; 21 May 1902 – 1 July 1981) was a Hungarian-American modernist architect and furniture designer. He moved to the United States in 1937 and became a naturalized American citizen in 1944. At the Bauhaus he designed the Was ...

, and

Herbert Bayer Herbert Bayer (April 5, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an Austrian and American graphic designer, painter, photographer, sculptor, art director, environmental and interior designer, and architect. He was instrumental in the development of the ...

. His largest accomplishment may be the Institute of Design in Chicago, which survives today as part of the

Illinois Institute of Technology The Illinois Institute of Technology, commonly referred to as Illinois Tech and IIT, is a Private university, private research university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Tracing its history to 1890, the present name was adopted upon the m ...

, and art historian Elizabeth Siegel called "his overarching work of art". He also wrote books and articles advocating a utopian type of high modernism.

Early life and education (1895–1922)

Moholy-Nagy was born László Weisz in Bácsborsód (Hungary) to a

Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

family.Chilvers, Ian & Glaves-Smith, John eds., ''Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art '', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. pp. 471–472 His mother, Karolin Stern's, second cousin was the conductor Sir

Georg Solti Sir Georg Solti ( , ; born György Stern; 21 October 1912 – 5 September 1997) was a Hungarian-British orchestral and operatic conductor, known for his appearances with opera companies in Munich, Frankfurt, and London, and as a long-servi ...

. László was the middle child of three surviving sons, but the family was soon abandoned by the father, Lipót Weisz. The remainder of the family took protection and support from the maternal uncle, Gusztáv Nagy. The uncle was a lawyer, and sponsored the education of László and his younger brother, Ákos. In turn, Moholy-Nagy took the Magyar surname of his mentor. Later, he added "Moholy" to his surname, after the name of the town of Mohol (now part of

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

) where he spent part of his boyhood in the family home nearby. Moholy-Nagy attended a gymnasium school in the city of

Szeged Szeged ( , ; see also #Etymology, other alternative names) is List of cities and towns of Hungary#Largest cities in Hungary, the third largest city of Hungary, the largest city and regional centre of the Southern Great Plain and the county seat ...

, which was the second-largest city in the country. Initially he wanted to become a writer or poet, and in 1911, some of his poems were published in local daily newspapers. Starting in 1913, he studied law at the University of Budapest. In 1915, during

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, he enlisted in the

Austro-Hungarian army The Austro-Hungarian Army, also known as the Imperial and Royal Army,; was the principal ground force of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. It consisted of three organisations: the Common Army (, recruited from all parts of Austria-Hungary), ...

as an artillery officer. In service, he also made crayon sketches, watercolors, and writings to document his wartime experiences. He was injured on the Russian Front during the Kerensky offensive of July 1917, and convalesced in Budapest. While on leave and during convalescence, Moholy-Nagy became involved first with the journal ''Jelenkor'' ("The Present Age"), edited by Hevesy, and then with the "Activist" circle around Lajos Kassák's journal '' Ma'' ("Today"). After his discharge from the military in October 1918, Moholy-Nagy abandoned his law studies and attended the private art school of the Hungarian Fauve artist Róbert Berény. In 1918, he formally converted to the Hungarian Reformed Church; his godfather was his Roman Catholic university friend, the art critic Iván Hevesy. He was a supporter of the

Hungarian Soviet Republic The Hungarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of Hungary was a short-lived communist state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic. The Hungari ...

, declared early in 1919, though he assumed no official role in it. After the defeat of the Communist regime in August, he withdrew to Szeged. An exhibition of his work was held there, before he left for

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

around November 1919. Moholy-Nagy moved to

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

early in 1920, where he met photographer and writer Lucia Schulz; they married the next year. In 1922, at a joint exhibition with fellow Hungarian Peter Laszlo Peri at ''Der Sturm'', he met

. That summer, he vacationed on the Rhone with Lucia, who introduced him to making

photogram A photogram is a Photography, photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The usual result is a negative shadow im ...

s on light-sensitized paper. He also began sketching ideas for what would become his most well-known sculpture, the ''Light-Space Modulator''.

Bauhaus years (1923–1928)

In 1923, Moholy-Nagy was invited by Walter Gropius to teach at the

Weimar Weimar is a city in the state (Germany), German state of Thuringia, in Central Germany (cultural area), Central Germany between Erfurt to the west and Jena to the east, southwest of Leipzig, north of Nuremberg and west of Dresden. Together w ...

, Germany. He took over Johannes Itten's role co-teaching the Bauhaus foundation course with

Josef Albers Josef Albers ( , , ; March 19, 1888March 25, 1976) was a German-born American artist and Visual arts education, educator who is considered one of the most influential 20th-century art teachers in the United States. Born in 1888 in Bottrop, Westp ...

, and also replaced

Paul Klee Paul Klee (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented wi ...

as Head of the Metal Workshop.Bauhaus100. Metal workshop
(Accessed: February 7, 2017) This effectively marked the end of the school's expressionistic leanings and moved it closer towards its original aims as a school of design and industrial integration. The Bauhaus became known for the versatility of its artists, and Moholy-Nagy was no exception. Throughout his career, he became proficient and innovative in the fields of photography,

typography Typography is the art and technique of Typesetting, arranging type to make written language legibility, legible, readability, readable and beauty, appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, Point (typogra ...

, sculpture, painting, printmaking, film-making, and

industrial design Industrial design is a process of design applied to physical Product (business), products that are to be manufactured by mass production. It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in adva ...

. One of his main focuses was photography; starting in 1922, he had been initially guided by the technical expertise of his first wife and collaborator

. In his books ''Malerei, Photographie, Film'' (1925) and ''The New Vision, from Material to Architecture'' (1932), he coined the term Neues Sehen (New Vision) for his belief that the camera could create a whole new way of seeing the outside world that the human eye could not. This theory encapsulated his approach to his art and teaching. Moholy-Nagy was the first interwar artist to suggest the use of scientific equipment such as the telescope, microscope, and radiography in the making of art. With Lucia, he experimented with the

; the process of exposing light-sensitive paper with objects laid upon it. His teaching practice covered a diverse range of media, including painting, sculpture, photography, photomontage, and metalworking.

Depression era (1929–1937)

Moholy-Nagy left the Bauhaus in 1928 and established his own design studio in Berlin.Bauhaus100. László Moholy-Nagy
(Accessed: February 7, 2017) Marianne Brandt took over his role as Head of the Metal Workshop. He separated from his first wife Lucia in 1929. An iconic achievement was Moholy-Nagy's construction of the ''Lichtrequisit einer elektrischen Bühne'' (Light Prop for an Electric Stage) (1928–1930), a device with moving parts designed to have light projected through it to create shifting light reflections and shadows on nearby surfaces. It was made with the help of the Hungarian architect Istvan Seboek for the

Deutscher Werkbund The Deutscher Werkbund (; ) is a German association of artists, architects, designers and industrialists established in 1907. The ''Werkbund'' became an important element in the development of modern architecture and industrial design, parti ...

exhibition held in Paris during the summer of 1930; it was later dubbed the ''Light-Space Modulator'' and was seen as a pioneer achievement of kinetic sculpture using industrial materials like reflective metals and

Plexiglas Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a synthetic polymer derived from methyl methacrylate. It is a transparent thermoplastic, used as an engineering plastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and bra ...

. Given his interest in the light patterns it produced more than its appearance when viewed directly, it might more accurately be seen as one of the earliest examples of Light art. This was a form that he continued to develop in the 1940s in the United States, in ''Space Modulator'' (1939–1945)'', Papmac'' (1943), and ''B-10 Space Modulator'' (1942). Moholy-Nagy was photography editor of the Dutch

avant-garde In the arts and literature, the term ''avant-garde'' ( meaning or ) identifies an experimental genre or work of art, and the artist who created it, which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable ...

magazine ''International Revue i 10'' from 1927 to 1929. He designed stage sets for successful and controversial operatic and theatrical productions, designed exhibitions and books, created ad campaigns, wrote articles, and made films. His studio employed artists and designers such as Istvan Seboek,

György Kepes György Kepes (; October 4, 1906 – December 29, 2001) was a Hungarian-born painter, photographer, designer, educator, and art theorist. After immigrating to the U.S. in 1937, he taught design at the New Bauhaus (later the School of Design, t ...

, and Andor Weininger. In the summer of 1931 Moholy-Nagy travelled to Finland with his then girlfriend actress Ellen Frank (sister-in-law of

), as a guest of Finnish architect

Alvar Aalto Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware, as well as sculptures and paintings. He never regarded himself as an artist, see ...

. During the trip, Moholy-Nagy visited the Holy Cross Church in Hattula, and in 1933 he would name his first daughter Hattula. Also in 1931 he met actress and scriptwriter Sibylle Pietzsch. They married in 1932 and had two daughters, Hattula (born 1933), and Claudia (1936–1971). Sibyl collaborated with her husband to make ''Ein Lichtspiel: schwarz weiss grau'' ("A Lightplay: Black White Gray"), a now-classic film based on the ''Light-Space Modulator''. She would also work with him on the films ''Gypsies'' and ''Berlin Still Life'', and would remain with him for the rest of his life, later becoming an art and architectural historian. After the

Nazis Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

came to power in Germany in 1933, as a foreign citizen, he was no longer allowed to work there. He worked in 1934 in the Netherlands (doing mostly commercial work) before moving with his family to London in 1935. In England, Moholy-Nagy formed part of the circle of émigré artists and intellectuals who based themselves in

Hampstead Hampstead () is an area in London, England, which lies northwest of Charing Cross, located mainly in the London Borough of Camden, with a small part in the London Borough of Barnet. It borders Highgate and Golders Green to the north, Belsiz ...

. Moholy-Nagy lived in the Isokon building with

for eight months and then settled in Golders Green. Gropius and Moholy-Nagy planned to establish an English version of the Bauhaus but could not secure backing, and then Moholy-Nagy was turned down for a teaching job at the

Royal College of Art The Royal College of Art (RCA) is a public university, public research university in London, United Kingdom, with campuses in South Kensington, Battersea and White City, London, White City. It is the only entirely postgraduate art and design uni ...

. Moholy-Nagy earned a living in London by taking on various commercial design jobs, including work for

Imperial Airways Imperial Airways was an early British commercial long-range airline, operating from 1924 to 1939 and principally serving the British Empire routes to South Africa, India, Australia and the Far East, including Malaya and Hong Kong. Passengers ...

and a shop display for men's underwear.

worked with him on various commercial assignments. He photographed contemporary architecture for the ''

Architectural Review ''The Architectural Review'' is a monthly international architectural magazine. It has been published in London since 1896. Its articles cover the built environment – which includes landscape, building design, interior design and urbanism � ...

'' where the assistant editor was

John Betjeman Sir John Betjeman, (; 28 August 190619 May 1984) was an English poet, writer, and broadcaster. He was Poet Laureate from 1972 until his death. He was a founding member of The Victorian Society and a passionate defender of Victorian architect ...

who commissioned Moholy-Nagy to make documentary photographs to illustrate his book '' An Oxford University Chest''. He was commissioned to make the films ''Lobsters'' (1935) and ''New Architecture and the London Zoo'' (1936). He began to experiment with painting on transparent plastics, such as Perspex. In 1936, he was commissioned by fellow Hungarian film producer

Alexander Korda Sir Alexander Korda (; born Sándor László Kellner; ; 16 September 1893 – 23 January 1956)

to design special effects for the now-classic film '' Things to Come'', based on the novel by

H. G. Wells Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer, prolific in many genres. He wrote more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories. His non-fiction output included works of social commentary, politics, hist ...

. Working at Denham Studios, Moholy-Nagy created kinetic sculptures and abstract light effects, but they were mostly unused by the film's director. At the invitation of

Leslie Martin Sir John Leslie Martin (17 August 1908, in Manchester – 28 July 2000) was an English architect, and a leading advocate of the International Style. Martin's most famous building is the Royal Festival Hall. His work was especially influenced ...

, he gave a lecture to the architecture school of Hull School of Art. In 1937 his artworks were included in the infamous " Degenerate art" exhibition held by Nazi Germany in Munich.

Chicago years (1937–1946)

In 1937, on the recommendation of Walter Gropius, and at the invitation of Walter Paepcke, the Chairman of the

Container Corporation of America Container Corporation of America (CCA) was founded in 1926 and manufactured corrugated boxes. In 1968 CCA merged with Montgomery Ward & Company, Inc., becoming MARCOR. MARCOR maintained separate management for the operations of each company, but ...

, Moholy-Nagy moved to Chicago to become the director of the New Bauhaus. The philosophy of the school was basically unchanged from that of the original, and its headquarters was the Prairie Avenue mansion that architect

Richard Morris Hunt Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of architecture of the United States. He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 ...

had designed for department store magnate

Marshall Field Marshall Field (August 18, 1834January 16, 1906) was an American entrepreneur and the founder of Marshall Field's, Marshall Field and Company, the Chicago-based department stores. His business was renowned for its then-exceptional level of qua ...

. However, the school lost the financial backing of its supporters after only a single academic year, and it closed in 1938. Moholy-Nagy resumed doing commercial design work, which he continued to do for the rest of his life. Moholy-Nagy was also the Art Advisor for the mail-order house of Spiegel in Chicago. Paepcke continued to support the artist, and in 1939 Moholy-Nagy opened the School of Design in Chicago. He also started making static and mobile sculptures in transparent plastic, often accented with chromed metal. In 1940, the summer session of the School of Design was held at

Mills College Mills College at Northeastern University in Oakland, California is part of Northeastern University's global university system. Mills College was founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in 1852 in Benicia, California; it was relocated to Oakland in ...

Oakland, California Oakland is a city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. state of California. It is the county seat and most populous city in Alameda County, California, Alameda County, with a population of 440,646 in 2020. A major We ...

. In 1942, he taught a summer course at the Women's Teachers College in

Denton, Texas Denton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas and the county seat of Denton County, Texas, Denton County. With a population of 139,869 as of 2020, it is the List of cities in Texas by population, 20th-most populous city in Texas, the List of Un ...

. In 1943, Moholy-Nagy began work on an account of his efforts to develop the curriculum of the School of Design. It would be posthumously published in his 1947 book ''Vision in Motion'', in collaboration with his art historian wife

Sibyl The sibyls were prophetesses or oracles in Ancient Greece. The sibyls prophet, prophesied at holy sites. A sibyl at Delphi has been dated to as early as the eleventh century BC by Pausanias (geographer), PausaniasPausanias 10.12.1 when he desc ...

. In 1944, the School of Design in Chicago became the Institute of Design, and in 1949 it would become a part of

, the first institution in the United States to offer a PhD in design. Moholy-Nagy was diagnosed with

leukemia Leukemia ( also spelled leukaemia; pronounced ) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells. These blood cells are not fully developed and are called ''blasts'' or '' ...

in 1945. He became a

naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-national of a country acquires the nationality of that country after birth. The definition of naturalization by the International Organization for Migration of the ...

American citizen in April 1946. He continued to produce artworks in multiple media, to teach, and to attend conferences until he died of the disease in Chicago on November 24, 1946. He was buried at

Graceland Cemetery Graceland Cemetery is a large historic garden cemetery located in the north side community area of Uptown, in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Established in 1860, its main entrance is at the intersection of Clark Street and Irving Park R ...

Legacy

The software company Laszlo Systems (developers of the

open source Open source is source code that is made freely available for possible modification and redistribution. Products include permission to use and view the source code, design documents, or content of the product. The open source model is a decentrali ...

programming language A programming language is a system of notation for writing computer programs. Programming languages are described in terms of their Syntax (programming languages), syntax (form) and semantics (computer science), semantics (meaning), usually def ...

OpenLaszlo) was named in part to honor Moholy-Nagy. Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design in Budapest is named in his honor. In 1998 a Tribute Marker from the City of Chicago was installed. In the autumn of 2003, the Moholy-Nagy Foundation, Inc. was established as a source of information about Moholy-Nagy's life and works. In 2016, the

Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, often referred to as The Guggenheim, is an art museum at 1071 Fifth Avenue between 88th and 89th Street (Manhattan), 89th Streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It hosts a permanent coll ...

in New York exhibited a retrospective of Moholy-Nagy's work that included painting, film, photography, and sculpture. In 2019, a documentary film The New Bauhaus directed by Alysa Nahmias was released. The film centers on Moholy-Nagy's life and legacy in Chicago, featuring his daughter Hattula Moholy-Nagy, grandsons Andreas Hug and Daniel Hug, curator Hans-Ulrich Obrist, and artists Jan Tichy, Barbara Kasten, Barbara Crane, Kenneth Josephson, Debbie Millman, and Olafur Eliasson. Moholy-Nagy was a partial inspiration for the character of László Tóth in

Brady Corbet Brady James Monson Corbet ( ; born August 17, 1988) is an American filmmaker and former actor. He had roles in films such as ''Thirteen (2003 film), Thirteen'' (2003), ''Mysterious Skin'' (2004), ''Funny Games (2007 film), Funny Games'' (2007), ...

's film

The Brutalist ''The Brutalist'' is a 2024 Epic film, epic Historical drama, period drama film directed and produced by Brady Corbet, who co-wrote the screenplay with Mona Fastvold. It stars Adrien Brody as a History of the Jews in Hungary, Jewish-Hungarian ...

. ''The Brutalist: Inside Brady Corbet’s New Great American Epic''
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Gallery

File:László Moholy-Nagy - Self Portrait, 1918.jpg, ''Self portrait'' (1918) File:Ágota Fischhof, 1918, by László Moholy-Nagy.jpg, ''Ágota Fischhof'' (1918) File:László Moholy-Nagy, perpe, 1919 (coll. priv.).jpg, ''Perpe'' (1919) File:Làszlo moholy-nagy, la grande macchina delle emozioni, 1920.jpg, ''Great machine of emotion'' (1920) File:László Moholy-Nagy, Y, guache e collage, 1920-21 (coll. priv.).jpg, ''Y'' (1920–1921) File:László Moholy-Nagy, segmenti circolari, 1921 (thyssen-bornemisza).jpg, ''Circular segments'' (1921) File:László Moholy-Nagy, architettura o costruzione eccentrica, 1921 ca. (guggenheim NY).jpg, ''Architecture (Eccentric Construction)'' (c. 1921) File:László Moholy-Nagy, 1922, 25 Bankruptcy Vultures.jpg, ''25 bankruptcy vultures'' (1922) File:László Moholy-Nagy, collage tipografico, 1922 (Hattula Moholy-Nagy, MI).jpg, Typographic collage (1922) File:Lucia Moholy MET DP103133.jpg, Portrait of Lucia Moholy (1920s) File:Der Sturm, Januar 1923 - László Moholy-Nagy.jpg, Magazine cover for ''Der Sturm'' (1923) File:'UNTITLED' by László Moholy-Nagy, 1923, watercolor,ink & pencil.jpg, ''Untitled'' (1923) File:Laszlo moholy-nagy, composizione A.XX, 1924.JPG, ''A.XX'' (1924) File:Hilla von Rebay by László Moholy-Nagy, 1924.jpg, ''Hilla von Rebay'' (1924) File:Lucia MET DP111651.jpg, ''Lucia'' (c. 1924–1928) File:'Once a Chicken, Always a Chicken' by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy.jpg, ''Once a Chicken, Always a Chicken'' (1925) File:László Moholy-Nagy Malerei Umschlag 1925.jpg, Cover of book published by the Bauhaus(1925) File:László Moholy-Nagy, Z VII, 1926 (nga).jpg, ''Z VII'' (1926) File:László Moholy-Nagy, A 19, 1927 (Hattula Moholy-Nagy, MI).jpg, ''A 19'' (1927) File:'CH XI' by László Moholy-Nagy, 1929, oil on canvas.jpg, ''CH XI'' (1929) File:Pont Transbordeur, Marseille MET DP139561.jpg, ''Pont Transbordeur, Marseille'' (1929) File:Erwin Piscator - Das politische Theater, 1929.jpg, ''Erwin Piscator – Das politische Theater'' (1929) File:Construction AL6 (Konstruktion AL6) by László Moholy-Nagy, 1933-34.jpg, ''Construction AL6'' (1933–1934) File:László Moholy-Nagy, space modulator, 1938-40 (whitney museum, NY).jpg, ''Space modulator'' (1938–1940) File:László Moholy-Nagy, CH B3, 1941 (coll. priv.).jpg, ''CH B3'' (1941) File:'CPL 4' by László Moholy-Nagy, 1941.JPG, ''CPL 4'' (1941) File:László Moholy-Nagy, nero verticale, rosso e blu, 1945 (lacma).jpg, ''Vertical black, red, and blue'' (1945) File:László Moholy-Nagy, nuclear I, CH, 1945 (chicago ai).jpg, ''Nuclear I'' (1945) File:László Moholy-Nagy, nuclear II, 1946 (milwaukee art museum).jpg, ''Nuclear II'' (1946) File:László Moholy-Nagy, revolving bars, 1946 (coll. priv.).jpg, ''Revolving bars'' (1946)

Bibliography

* Moholy-Nagy, László. ''Malerei, Fotografie, Film'', Munich: Albert Langen, 1925, 115 pp; 2nd ed., 1927, 140 pp.(German
PDF version: Bauhaus Bücher 8. Malerei, Fotografie, Film
(Accessed: January 12, 2017) *Moholy-Nagy, L. (1947). ''Vision in motion''. P. Theobald. * Moholy-Nagy, László; Hoffmann, Daphne M. (translator) (2005) ''The New Vision: fundamentals of Bauhaus design, painting, sculpture, and architecture''. Dover, .

Notes

References

* Moholy-Nagy, Lázló. ''Painting Photography Film''. 1925. Trans. Katrin Schamun, Jillian DeMair. Zürich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2019, . * Botar, Oliver A. I. ''Sensing the Future: Moholy-Nagy, die Medien und die Künste''. Zürich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2014, . * Blencowe, Chris and Judith ''Moholy's Edit''. Zürich: Lars Müller Publishers, 2018, . * Botar, Oliver A. I. ''Technical Detours: The Early Moholy-Nagy Reconsidered''. New York: Art Gallery of the CUNY Graduate Center, 2006. * Borchardt-Hume, Achim. ''Albers and Moholy-Nagy: From the Bauhaus to the New World''. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. * Chilvers, Ian & Glaves-Smith, John eds., ''Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. * Engelbrecht, Lloyd C. ''Moholy-Nagy: Mentor to Modernism.'' Cincinnati, Flying Trapeze Press, 2009. * Hight, Eleanor. ''Picturing Modernity: Moholy-Nagy and Photography in Weimar Germany''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1995. * Lusk, Irene-Charlotte. ''Montagen ins Blaue: Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Fotomontagen und -collagen 1922–1943''. Gießen: Anabas, 1980. * Margolin, Victor. ''The Struggle for Utopia: Rodchenko, Lissitzky, Moholy-Nagy, 1917–1946''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. * Moholy-Nagy, Lázló. ''Painting Photography Film''. 1925. Trans. Janet Seligman. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1973. * Passuth, Krisztina. ''Moholy-Nagy''. Trans. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985.

External links

The Moholy-Nagy Foundation

A Memory of Moholy-Nagy

Biography of Moholy-NagyInstitute of Design web site
(Chicago), founded by Moholy-Nagy as New Bauhaus'' in 1937

Lightplay:Black White Gray

* ttp://www.fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique471 László Moholy-Nagy. Photograms 1922–1943Exhibition at Fundació Antoni Tàpies {{DEFAULTSORT:Moholy-Nagy, Laszlo 1895 births 1946 deaths People from Bács-Kiskun County Hungarian Jews Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians Hungarian collage artists Hungarian photographers Jewish painters Hungarian abstract painters Academic staff of the Bauhaus Illinois Institute of Technology faculty Design educators Architecture educators Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago) Hungarian graphic designers Converts to Calvinism from Judaism Deaths from leukemia in Illinois Hungarian emigrants to the United States