Luy Lâu ( Nôm: 羸𨻻) or Liên Lâu ( Nôm: 𨏩𨻻) was the first capital of the Han

commandery In the Middle Ages, a commandery (rarely commandry) was the smallest administrative division of the European landed properties of a military order. It was also the name of the house where the knights of the commandery lived.Anthony Luttrell and G ...

Jiaozhi Jiaozhi (standard Chinese, pinyin: ''Jiāozhǐ''), or , was a historical region ruled by various Chinese dynasties, corresponding to present-day northern Vietnam. The kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) set up the Jiaozhi Commandery (; , ch� ...

/Giao Chỉ from 111 BC following China's conquest of Nanyue/Nam Viet till 106 BC. present.

Name

According to researchers Lê Chí Quế and Nguyễn Hùng Vỹ, Liên Lâu or Luy Lâu (

Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overseas Vietnamese, Vietnamese people living outside Vietna ...

) or Leilou (<

Middle Chinese Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese language, Chinese recorded in the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expande ...

ZS *''liuᴇ-ləu'' <

Eastern Han Chinese Eastern Han Chinese (alternatively Later Han Chinese or Late Old Chinese) is the stage of the Chinese language Chinese ( or ) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and List of ethnic groups in China, man ...

*''lyai-lo'') is only a Hanese word of '' keluar'', which means "estuary" in ancient Annamese language.

History

According to the surveys of researcher Philippe Papin, at the beginning of Công Nguyên, the Southeastern area of modern

Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...

was still under the

sea level Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an mean, average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal Body of water, bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical ...

. Therefore, it was very difficult to settle down. Since the middle of the belonging to the North, according to the records of the officials from the

mainland China "Mainland China", also referred to as "the Chinese mainland", is a Geopolitics, geopolitical term defined as the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War. In addit ...

, the area of modern Bắc Ninh province was almost swampy. Luy Lâu was also the headquarters of the larger

province A province is an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire, Roman Empire's territorial possessions ou ...

of Jiaozhou/Giao châu and the center of China's maritime trade on the

Gulf of Tonkin The Gulf of Tonkin is a gulf at the northwestern portion of the South China Sea, located off the coasts of Tonkin ( northern Vietnam) and South China. It has a total surface area of . It is defined in the west and northwest by the northern co ...

and

South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by South China, in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan island, Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luz ...

. The ancient citadel is at Thanh Khương ward in Thuận Thành town in the province of

Bắc Ninh Bắc Ninh () is a city in the Northern Vietnam, northern part of Vietnam and is the capital of Bắc Ninh province. The city is the cultural, administrative and commercial center of the province. The city area is 82.60 square km, with a populat ...

. Luy Lâu became a major center for

Buddhism in Vietnam Buddhism in Vietnam ( Vietnamese: ''Đạo Phật'', 道佛 or ''Phật Giáo,'' 佛教), as practiced by the Vietnamese people, is a form of East Asian Mahayana Buddhism. It is the main religion in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese governmen ...

. Although the

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

embassies A diplomatic mission or foreign mission is a group of people from a state or organization present in another state to represent the sending state or organization officially in the receiving or host state. In practice, the phrase usually denotes a ...

probably arrived at the later capital

Long Biên Long Biên (Vietnamese), also known as Longbian ( <

Eastern Han Chinese

: *''lioŋ-pian/pen'';Schuessler, ...

, it may have been the earlier Luy Lâu that was the origin of

Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy (; , ; ; – 160s/170s AD) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine science, Byzant ...

's Kottinagara. On 7 October 2024, the Vietnam National Museum of History and the Bắc Ninh Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism jointly conducted an excavation at the Luy Lâu ancient

citadel A citadel is the most fortified area of a town or city. It may be a castle, fortress, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of ''city'', meaning "little city", because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core. ...

relic.More artefacts unearthed at Luy Lâu ancient citadel
/ref>

Notes and references

Notes

References

, 2006. * Li Tana (2011). ''Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf''. In Cooke, Nola; Li Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.). The Tongking Gulf Through History. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 39–44. ISBN 9780812205022. * Li Tana,
Towards an environmental history of the Eastern Red River Delta, Vietnam, c.900–1400
',

Journal of Southeast Asian Studies The ''Journal of Southeast Asian Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering scholarly studies on Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, East Timor, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). It ...

, 2014. * Samuel Baron, Christoforo Borri, Olga Dror, Keith W. Taylor (2018). ''Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam : Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin''. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-501-72090-1. * * * * * *Nghị quyết s�
723/NQ-UBTVQH15
về việc thành lập thị xã Thuận Thành và các phường thuộc thị xã Thuận Thành, thị xã Quế Võ và các phường thuộc thị xã Quế Võ, tỉnh Bắc Ninh. *Phương án s�
80/PA-UBND
về việc tổng thể sắp xếp đơn vị hành chính cấp huyện, cấp xã tỉnh Bắc Ninh giai đoạn 2023–25. {{div col end

External links

;English
Discovering traces at Luy Lâu Citadel
;Vietnamese * ttps://baophapluat.vn/bac-ninh-khai-quat-khan-cap-hai-thuyen-co-moi-phat-hien-post542879.html Bắc Ninh urgently excavated two newly discovered ancient boats History of Bắc Ninh province

Name

History

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

Further reading

Bibliography

External links