Luigi D’Este

Luigi (; ) is a character created by Japanese video game designer Shigeru Miyamoto. Part of Nintendo's ''Mario'' franchise, he is a kind-hearted, cowardly Italian plumber, and the younger fraternal twin brother and sidekick of Mario. Like his brother, Luigi's distinctive characteristics include his large nose and mustache, overalls, green hat, and high-pitched, exaggerated Italian accent.

Luigi first appeared in '' Mario Bros.'', a 1983 platform game, in which he was originally designed as a palette swap of Mario with a green color scheme; Luigi has since appeared in multiple games and other media throughout the ''Mario'' franchise, in which developed a personality and style of his own. As his role in the ''Mario'' franchise progressed, Luigi evolved into a physically distinct character, and become the main protagonist of '' Mario is Missing!'' and the ''Luigi's Mansion'' series. Charles Martinet voiced Luigi from 1992 to 2023, when he was succeeded by Kevin Afghani.

Luigi has appeared in over 200 video games. These include puzzle games such as '' Dr. Luigi'', role-playing games such as ''Paper Mario'' and ''Mario & Luigi'', and sports games such as ''Mario Kart'' and '' Mario Tennis''. Luigi has also appeared in other Nintendo properties, such as the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series of crossover fighting games. From March 2013 to March 2014, Nintendo called the period the Year of Luigi to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the character's existence. Correspondingly, games released in 2013 emphasized Luigi. An unlockable Luigi-themed version of ''Mario Bros.'', titled ''Luigi Bros.'', was also included with ''Super Mario 3D World''.

Luigi's likeness has been featured in merchandise based on the ''Mario'' series, as well as comic books and television shows such as '' The Super Mario Bros. Super Show'', in which he was portrayed by Danny Wells. He was also portrayed by John Leguizamo in the live-action film ''Super Mario Bros.'' (1993) and voiced by Charlie Day in the animated film '' The Super Mario Bros. Movie'' (2023).

Concept and creation

Luigi's creation began in 1982, during the development of ''Donkey Kong'', where Shigeru Miyamoto had created Jumpman (later known as Mario), hoping that he would be able to recast the character in a variety of roles in future games. Miyamoto was inspired by ''Joust'' to create a game with a simultaneous two-player mode, which led to his development of the game ''Mario Bros.'' Luigi was given the role of Mario's brother as the second playable character. Both Mario and Luigi were styled as Italian plumbers in ''Mario Bros.'', on the suggestion of a colleague.

It is currently unconfirmed how Luigi received his name, although there are many theories. ''New Straits Times'' noted that Miyamoto observed the Japanese word ''ruiji'' means "similar", thus explaining the similarities of Luigi to Mario. Rus McLaughlin of ''IGN'' wrote that the theories from a rhyme on the Japanese word for "analogous" and a pizza parlor near Minoru Arakawa's office called Mario & Luigi's were considered. Software constraints at the time of the respective game's origins meant that Luigi's first appearance was restricted to a simple palette swap.

After the success of ''Mario Bros.'', Luigi was introduced to a wider audience in the 1985 video game ''Super Mario Bros.'', while '' Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'', marked the beginning of Luigi's development toward becoming a more distinguished character. Luigi's movement was no longer identical; he could now jump higher and farther than his brother, at the expense of movement response and precision. Consequently, in 1988, an alternative release was developed to serve as ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' for Western players (and later released in Japan as ''Super Mario USA''); this version played a key role in shaping Luigi's current appearance.

Actor portrayal

Much like his appearance, Luigi's vocal portrayal has fluctuated over the years. ''Mario Kart 64'', in which many characters were voiced for the first time, some characters, including Luigi, had two different voices; the North American and European versions of the game feature a low-pitched voice for Luigi, provided by Charles Martinet, who also voiced Mario, Wario, and Waluigi. The Japanese version uses a high-pitched, falsetto voice, provided by the then French translator at Nintendo, Julien Bardakoff. Inconsistent voice acting continued with many Nintendo 64 games; all versions of ''Mario Party'' feature Bardakoff's high-pitched clips from ''Mario Kart 64''.

Luigi retained this higher voice in '' Mario Party 2''. In ''Mario Golf'', '' Mario Tennis'', and '' Mario Party 3'', his voice returned to a lower state. Since then, with the exceptions of '' Mario Kart: Super Circuit'' and '' Super Smash Bros. Melee'', Luigi has consistently had a medium-pitched voice, performed by Martinet until 2023 and Kevin Afghani since 2023. In ''Mario Kart: Super Circuit'', Luigi's voice was the same high-pitched voice from the Japanese version of ''Mario Kart 64''. In ''Super Smash Bros.'' and '' Super Smash Bros. Melee'', Luigi's voice is made up of clips from Mario's voice taken from ''Super Mario 64'', with raised pitches. In ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl'', ''Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U'', and ''Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'', he has his own voice (which is medium-pitched) instead of a pitched-up version of Mario's. Luigi was voiced by Charlie Day in the 2023 film adaptation and was given a somewhat higher-pitched voice.

Characteristics

Luigi is portrayed as the taller, younger brother of Mario, and is usually seen dressed in a green shirt, dark blue overalls, and a green hat with a green "L" insignia. Although Luigi is a plumber like Mario, other facets of his personality vary from game to game; Luigi always seems nervous and timid, but is good-natured and can keep his temper better than his brother. A baby version of the character named Baby Luigi debuted in '' Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island'', who is held captive by Kamek. He also appeared in '' Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time'' as a playable character along with Baby Mario. He is voiced by Charles Martinet, just like his adult self. According to Miyamoto, Mario is 24 years old, indirectly confirming Luigi is 24 as well.

Nintendo did not initially give Luigi a surname. The first use of "Luigi Mario" was in the 1993 live-action film adaptation. In September 2015, at the ''Super Mario Bros.'' 30th Anniversary festival, Miyamoto stated that Mario's full name was Mario Mario. As a result, this indirectly confirms Luigi's full name to be Luigi Mario.

Appearances

Luigi's first appearance was in the 1983 arcade game ''Mario Bros.'' as the character controlled by the second player. He retained this role in '' Wrecking Crew''. He later appeared in ''Super Mario Bros.'' for the NES, and again in '' Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels'', ''Super Mario Bros. 2'', '' Super Mario Bros. 3'', and ''Super Mario World''. ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' introduced Luigi as the taller of the two brothers, as well as the better jumper. ''Super Mario Bros. 3'', and ''Super Mario World'' returned to featuring Luigi as identical to Mario. He made a minor appearance in his baby form in '' Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island''. Luigi was conspicuously absent in ''Super Mario 64'' and ''Super Mario Sunshine''. However, the Nintendo DS remake of ''Super Mario 64'' features him as a playable character alongside Mario, Yoshi, and Wario.

Luigi has been associated with the more difficult second acts of multiple ''Super Mario'' games. These include ''The Lost Levels'', ''Super Mario Galaxy 2'', '' New Super Luigi U'' and the new game plus in '' Super Mario 3D Land'', which offer more challenging elaborations on their respective predecessors and allow the player to use Luigi as the main character, with whom reduced friction and higher jumping is consistent in all of these games. Luigi became playable in the Nintendo DS game ''New Super Mario Bros.'' as a hidden character, and as a hidden character in the Wii game ''Super Mario Galaxy''. In its sequel, ''Super Mario Galaxy 2'', the player can switch out for Luigi throughout the game. He also appears as a playable character in ''New Super Mario Bros. Wii'', where four players can play at once cooperatively as Mario, Luigi, and two Toads. He also appears in ''Super Mario 3D Land'' as a playable character as well as '' New Super Mario Bros. 2'' and '' New Super Mario Bros. U'', the latter having a DLC mode, where he is the main character, called ''New Super Luigi U''. It has levels altered to his specific play abilities, including higher jumping. The DLC is also available as a standalone retail version. Luigi also appeared in ''Super Mario 3D World'' along with his brother, Peach, Rosalina and Toad.

Luigi appears in many of the ''Mario'' spin-off games, including ''Mario Kart'', ''Mario Party'', and all of the ''Mario'' sports games. He also appears in all five installments of the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series; in the first three installments and ''Ultimate'', he is an unlockable character. Luigi received his own starring role in the 2001 video game ''Luigi's Mansion'', where he wins a mansion from a contest he never entered, and saves Mario from King Boo. He reprised his role in the installments '' Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon'' and '' Luigi's Mansion 3''.

Luigi has appeared in every ''Mario'' role-playing games. While he originally made a cameo appearance in the end credits of ''Super Mario RPG'', he appears more prominently in the ''Paper Mario'' series. He is a non-playable character in the original ''Paper Mario''. In the sequel '' Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door'', he appears yet again as a non-player character, going on a separate adventure from Mario's. ''Super Paper Mario'' features him as a playable character after he is initially brainwashed into working for the antagonist under the name "". In '' Paper Mario: Sticker Star'' and '' Paper Mario: Color Splash'', Luigi plays a minor role and can be found in the background of certain levels for a coin reward. In ''Color Splash'', Luigi appears at the end of the game driving a kart and helps Mario reach Bowser's Castle. In '' Paper Mario: The Origami King'', he once again helps Mario by retrieving the keys of Peach's Castle himself. The ''Mario & Luigi'' series features Luigi as a main protagonist.

Other media

Luigi made an appearance in the 1986 film '' Super Mario Bros.: The Great Mission to Rescue Princess Peach!'' in which he was voiced by Yū Mizushima. He was not given his consistent color scheme, sporting a yellow shirt with a blue hat, and overalls. In the film, Luigi is a greedy character and even leaves Mario at one point to look for coins. He was also a little more serious, but less courageous than his brother Mario, who constantly daydreamed about Princess Peach. Luigi later made an appearance in the OVA '' Amada Anime Series: Super Mario Bros.'' released in 1989, in which the ''Mario'' characters portrayed in the story of Snow White. He appears at the end of the video to save Mario and Peach from the Wicked Queen, portrayed by Koopa.

Luigi regularly appeared in '' The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'', airing from 1989 to 1990, which cast Danny Wells as both his live-action portrayal and voice. Like his brother, Luigi's voice actor changed in later cartoons, in his case to Tony Rosato. Even though he was not the starring character in the show, Luigi appeared in all 91 episodes of the three DiC ''Mario'' television animated series, in one of which his brother himself did not appear ("Life's Ruff" from '' The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3'').

Luigi played a different role in the ''Super Mario Bros.'' film, where he was portrayed by John Leguizamo. He is depicted as a more easy-going character in contrast to the cynical Mario, portrayed by Bob Hoskins. In the film, Luigi is not Mario's twin, but is much younger to the point that Mario is said to have been like a surrogate father to him since their parents' deaths, and his romantic relationship with Daisy is one of the film's main plot elements. Luigi appears in the 2023 film adaptation voiced by Charlie Day. Luigi, alongside his brother Mario, are residents of Brooklyn who recently began their own plumbing business. Both stumble upon a Pipe, and while Mario is transported to the Mushroom Kingdom, Luigi is transported to the Dark Land where he is captured by Bowser and his forces. He later reunites with Mario near the film's climax to defeat Bowser.

Reception

Allegra Frank of ''Polygon'' commented that the English manual for ''Mario Party'' described him as "smarter than Mario", but since ''Luigi's Mansion'', Luigi has been defined by his wimpish persona, and due to being overshadowed by Mario, he "has an inferiority complex unparalleled in gaming". ''Den of Geek'' writer David Crow thought Luigi was "cooler" than Mario because he "jumps higher, runs faster", and particularly praised his appearance in the 1993 ''Super Mario Bros.'' movie as portrayed by John Leguizamo. Alex Siquig writing for '' The Ringer'' also felt that Luigi was unappreciated. He commented that Luigi has existed "within the confines of Mario's pixelated shadow since 1983" but felt that he had successfully carved out his own personality making a relatable character that is more than just a palette swap for Mario.

Legacy

On March 19, 2013, Nintendo began the "Year of Luigi". This included a year of Luigi-themed games like '' Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon'', '' Dr. Luigi'', '' Mario & Luigi: Dream Team'', and '' New Super Luigi U''. A ''Luigi's Mansion'' statue was released on Club Nintendo. On March 19, 2014, the Year of Luigi ended.

In 2015, game designer Josh Millard released '' Ennuigi'' which relates the story of Luigi's inability to come to terms with the lack of narrative in the original ''Super Mario Bros''. In a Reddit thread, Millard commented that he enjoyed creating "a recharacterization of Luigi as a guy who's as legitimately confused and distressed by his strange life as you'd expect a person to be once removed from the bubble of cartoony context of the franchise."

References

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