Ludger Kühnhardt
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Ludger Kühnhardt, born 4 June 1958 in
Münster Münster (; ) is an independent city#Germany, independent city (''Kreisfreie Stadt'') in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also a ...
is a German
political scientist Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...
, journalist and political advisor. From 1991 until 1997, he was Professor of Political Science at the
University of Freiburg The University of Freiburg (colloquially ), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (), is a public university, public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The university was founded in 1 ...
. From 1997 until his retirement in July 2024, he was Director at the Center for European Integration Studies (ZEI) and Professor at the Institute for Political Science and Sociology at the
University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...
.


Biography

Ludger Kühnhardt was born as the eldest of four children of the ophthalmologist Gerhard Kühnhardt and the kindergarten teacher Irmgard Kühnhardt, née Hoffmann. After graduating from the Goethe-Gymnasium in
Ibbenbüren Ibbenbüren (Westphalian language, Westphalian: ''Ippenbürn'') is a town in the district of Steinfurt (district), Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Geography Ibbenbüren is on the Ibbenbürener Aa river at the northwest end of the ...
, Kühnhardt completed editorial training at the German Journalism School in
Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...
in 1977/78. He then worked as a freelance journalist, primarily for the Deutsche Zeitung/Christ und Welt (later merged to form
Rheinischer Merkur The ''Rheinischer Merkur'' (literally "Rhineland Mercury") was a nationwide conservative German weekly newspaper appearing on Thursdays. It was published in Bonn. Its managing director was Bert Günther Wegener, and the editor in chief from 1994 ...
),
Deutsche Welle (; "German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW (), is a German state-funded television network, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the Federal Government of Germany. The service is available in 32 languages. DW's satellite tele ...
and
Westdeutscher Rundfunk (; "West German Broadcasting Cologne"), shortened to WDR (), is a German public broadcasting, public-broadcasting institution based in the States of Germany, Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne. WDR is a const ...
. In 1979 he was awarded the Catholic German Journalist Prize. Kühnhardt carried out extensive journalistic reporting trips through Asia and Africa and made TV documentaries in South Korea, Bangladesh and India. He did his community service looking after refugees (boat people) from Vietnam. Kühnhardt completed his studies in history, philosophy and political science in 1983 with a doctorate under the supervision of
Karl Dietrich Bracher Karl Dietrich Bracher (13 March 1922 – 19 September 2016) was a German political scientist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany, born in Stuttgart. During World War II, he served in the Wehrmacht and was captured by the Americ ...
at the University of Bonn. His dissertation was entitled ''Die Flüchtlingsfrage als Weltordnungsproblem'' (''The refugee question as a global order problem''). In preparation for his doctorate, research studies took him to the archives of the
League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...
and the
UNHCR The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and Humanitarian protection, protect refugees, Internally displaced person, forcibly displaced communities, and Statelessness, s ...
in
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as well as to refugee camps around the world. Kühnhardt undertook postgraduate studies in 1983/84 at
Sophia University Sophia University (Japanese language, Japanese: 上智大学, ''Jōchi Daigaku''; Latin: ''Universitas Sedis Sapientiae'') is a private List of Jesuit educational institutions, Jesuit research university in Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1913 by ...
and at the
International Christian University is a non-denominational private university located in Mitaka, Tokyo. With the efforts of Prince Takamatsu, General Douglas MacArthur, and Bank of Japan, BOJ Governor Hisato Ichimada, ICU was established in 1949 as the first liberal arts coll ...
in
Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...
and in 1984/85 at
Harvard University Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
( Kennedy Memorial Fellow). Subsequently, he worked as Karl Dietrich Brachers last research assistant before Brachers retirement in Bonn. In January 1987 he received his habilitation from the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Bonn. His habilitation thesis, entitled ''Die Universalität der Menschenrechte. Studie zur ideengeschichtlichen Bestimmung eines politischen Schlüsselbegriffs'' (''The Universality of Human Rights'') is considered a standard work. From March 1987 to June 1989, Kühnhardt worked as a speechwriter for Federal President
Richard von Weizsäcker Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker (; 15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician ( CDU), who served as President of Germany from 1984 to 1994. Born into the aristocratic Weizsäcker family, who were part of the German nobili ...
in the German Federal President's Office. He then carried out research studies at
St Antony's College St Antony's College is a colleges of the University of Oxford, constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1950 as the result of the gift of French merchant Sir Antonin Besse of Aden, St Antony's specialises in intern ...
in
Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
. In 1990/91 he was pro-tem professor for political science at the
University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...
and from 1990 to 1992 a visiting professor in the history seminar at the
University of Jena The University of Jena, officially the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (, abbreviated FSU, shortened form ''Uni Jena''), is a public research university located in Jena, Thuringia, Germany. The university was established in 1558 and is cou ...
, supporting the development of Political Science at that university after German reunification. In 1991, Kühnhardt was appointed by the
Baden-Württemberg Baden-Württemberg ( ; ), commonly shortened to BW or BaWü, is a states of Germany, German state () in Southwest Germany, east of the Rhine, which forms the southern part of Germany's western border with France. With more than 11.07 million i ...
Science Minister to the Chair of Scientific Politics (succeeding
Arnold Bergstraesser Arnold Bergstraesser (14 July 1896, Darmstadt – 24 February 1964, Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German political scientist. Along with Wolfgang Abendroth, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Theodor Eschenburg, and Eric Voegelin, he was one of the foun ...
and Wilhelm Hennis) at the
University of Freiburg The University of Freiburg (colloquially ), officially the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg (), is a public university, public research university located in Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The university was founded in 1 ...
. In 1994/95 he served as Dean of his faculty.In 1997, Ludger Kühnhardt was appointed director of the
Center for European Integration Studies The Center for European Integration Studies (German: Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung, ZEI) is a transdisciplinary research and post-graduate education institute at the University of Bonn. ZEI has participated in research, policy a ...
(ZEI) at the
University of Bonn The University of Bonn, officially the Rhenish Friedrich Wilhelm University of Bonn (), is a public research university in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in its present form as the () on 18 October 1818 by Frederick Willi ...
, which was founded as part of the scientific expansion of Bonn after the decision to move the German capital to Berlin. This appointment was combined with an appointment as professor of political science at the Bonn Seminar for Political Science (today the Institute for Political Science and Sociology). Together with Jürgen von Hagen (economist) and Christian Koenig (legal scholar), Kühnhardt built up and led ZEI over more than 25 years as an internationally renowned research, outreach and further education institution. ZEI conducted several hundred research projects, was involved in political consultancy work and built up a lasting reputation with its successful "Master of European Studies - Governance and Regulation" with alumni from more than hundred countries around the globe. He denied professorial appointments to
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
and
Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...
.Visiting professorships and longer research stays took Kühnhardt to
St Antony's College St Antony's College is a colleges of the University of Oxford, constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1950 as the result of the gift of French merchant Sir Antonin Besse of Aden, St Antony's specialises in intern ...
at
Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
, the
University of Cape Town The University of Cape Town (UCT) (, ) is a public university, public research university in Cape Town, South Africa. Established in 1829 as the South African College, it was granted full university status in 1918, making it the oldest univer ...
, the Collège d'Europe in
Bruges Bruges ( , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders, in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is in the northwest of the country, and is the sixth most populous city in the country. The area of the whole city amoun ...
, the Institute for Human Sciences in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
,
Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...
,
Dartmouth College Dartmouth College ( ) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the America ...
(
New Hampshire New Hampshire ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It borders Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec t ...
), and
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (WWICS) or Wilson Center is a Washington, D.C.–based think tank A think tank, or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topi ...
(
Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
), the
Seoul National University Seoul National University (SNU; ) is a public university, public research university in Seoul, South Korea. It is one of the SKY (universities), SKY universities and a part of the Flagship Korean National Universities. The university's main c ...
, the
University of Canterbury The University of Canterbury (UC; ; postnominal abbreviation ''Cantuar.'' or ''Cant.'' for ''Cantuariensis'', the Latin name for Canterbury) is a public research university based in Christchurch, New Zealand. It was founded in 1873 as Canterbur ...
in
Christchurch Christchurch (; ) is the largest city in the South Island and the List of cities in New Zealand, second-largest city by urban area population in New Zealand. Christchurch has an urban population of , and a metropolitan population of over hal ...
, the
Tongji University Tongji University is a public university located in Shanghai, China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China. The university is part of Project 211, Project 985, and the Double First-Class Construction. Tongji is one of the ...
in
Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...
and the
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina The Federal University of Santa Catarina (, UFSC) is a public university in Florianópolis, the capital city of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. Considered one of the leading universities in Brazil, UFSC is the 6th best university in Latin ...
in
Florianópolis Florianópolis () is the capital and second largest city of the state of Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina, in the South Region, Brazil, South region of Brazil. The city encompasses Santa Catarina Island and surrounding small islands, as we ...
. Beyond his retirement Kühnhardt teaches as Visiting Professor at the
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, colloquially the Catholic University of Milan () or simply the Cattolica, is an Italian private research university founded in 1921. Its main campus is located in Milan, Italy, with satellite campuses in B ...
(Alta Scuola di Economia e Relazioni Internazionali, ASERI) in
Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...
(since 1997), at the Diplomatic Academy in
Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
(since 2002) and at the Mediterranean Academy of Diplomatic Studies (MEDAC) in
Malta Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago south of Italy, east of Tunisia, and north of Libya. The two ...
(since 2007). Kühnhardt has repeatedly worked as an advisor to political and church actors, for example for the Secretary General of the
Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; , CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it is Europe's oldest intergovernmental organisation, represe ...
, the President of the
European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. Together with the Council of the European Union (known as the Council and informally as the Council of Ministers), it ...
, the Parliament of the West African regional organization
ECOWAS The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS; also known as CEDEAO in French and Portuguese) is a regional political and economic union of twelve countries of West Africa. Collectively, the present and former members comprise an area ...
, the Secretary General of the ACP Group (now: Organization of African, Caribbean and Pacific States OACPS) and the German Catholic Bishops' Conference. He supported the governments of Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Croatia on their way to EU membership. For many years he worked pro bono on the governing board of the European Humanities University (EHU) in
Vilnius Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population w ...
, on the Steering Committee of the Koenigswinter Conference and the Young Leader Conferences of the
Atlantik-Brücke Atlantik-Brücke (, ''Atlantic Bridge'') is a private non-profit association to Lobbying, promote German-American understanding and Atlanticism. Founded in Hamburg in 1952, it was located in Bonn between 1983 and 1999 and is now located in Berl ...
( Atlantic Bridge), in the development of West Africa Institute in
Praia Praia (, Portuguese for "beach") is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde.Asia-Europe Foundation in
Singapore Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in Southeast Asia. The country's territory comprises one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet. It is about one degree ...
. He continues pro bono work beyond his retirement on the board of trustees of the "Forum Mitteleuropa" ("Forum Central Europe") at the Saxon state parliament. At the request of German Chancellor
Helmut Kohl Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (; 3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as chancellor of Germany and governed the ''Federal Republic'' from 1982 to 1998. He was leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to ...
, Kühnhardt took part in the Christian Democratic Union's CDU, program commission in 1992/94, which developed the first party program after German reunification. After the German 'Grand Coalition' was established in 2005, he left the CDU, saw himself as “politically homeless” and remained independent of any party affiliation. Kühnhardt supervised over 30 habilitation theses and dissertations at the universities of Freiburg and Bonn. He maintained a regular, lively connection with his former doctoral students for over three decades in the context of "Freiburger Politikdialog/Bonner Europakolloquium". Kühnhardt regularly published in leading daily newspapers (
Neue Zürcher Zeitung The (''NZZ''; "New Newspaper of Zurich") is German language daily newspaper, published by NZZ Mediengruppe in Zurich. The paper was founded in 1780. It has a reputation as a high-quality newspaper, as the German Swiss newspaper of record ...
,
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung The (; ''FAZ''; "Frankfurt General Newspaper") is a German newspaper founded in 1949. It is published daily in Frankfurt and is considered a newspaper of record for Germany. Its Sunday edition is the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung'' ( ...
,
Die Welt (, ) is a German national daily newspaper, published as a broadsheet by Axel Springer SE. is the flagship newspaper of the Axel Springer publishing group and it is considered a newspaper of record in Germany. Its leading competitors are the ...
) and appeared on television (Phoenix) as a commentator on political events. Ludger Kühnhardt has been married to the Hungarian Enikö Noemi Kühnhardt, née Auer, since 1993. The couple has two children. Kühnhardt is a
Roman Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...
.


Research priorities and early publications

As scholar and journalist, Kühnhardt deals in his research and teaching with the history of political ideas and a normatively based democratic theory, with development problems, especially focussing on cultural and religious aspects, issues of international order as well as with fundamental questions of the European Union and comparative global regional integration. His aim is to place events and processes in contemporary history in a larger context in order to make them better understandable and to deepen their respective historical and philosophical significance.So far (as of 2024) Kühnhardt has published 44 monographs, more than thousand scholarly articles, essays and journalistic texts as well as 28 books as co-author or co-editor in 25 languages (German, English, French, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Polish, Japanese, Chinese, Hungarian, Finnish, Russian, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Romanian, Bulgarian, Czech, Turkish, Estonian, Korean, Thai, Bahasa Indonesia, Icelandic, Slovakian, Lithuanian). He has edited 88 volumes in a series of publications by the Center for European Integration Studies. Kühnhardt has given public lectures in 102 countries. His articles and books were published in 25 languages. Already his first published articles and books received attention and criticism. His book ''Christliche Soziallehre konkret. Gedanken und Perspektiven'' (''Christian Social Teaching Concrete. Thoughts and Perspectives'') was published in 1977. During his high school days, Kühnhardt was strongly influenced by
Oswald von Nell-Breuning Oswald von Nell-Breuning (8 March 1890 – 21 August 1991) was a Roman Catholic theologian and sociologist. Born in Trier, Germany into an aristocratic family, Nell-Breuning was ordained in 1921 and appointed Professor of Ethics at the S ...
, the doyen of Catholic social teaching and social science. In 1980, after his first study trips through Africa and Asia, Kühnhardt published ''Die deutschen Parteien und die Entwicklungspolitik'' (''The German Parties and Development Policy''), a critical analysis of German development policies. After spending longer periods in two very different villages in India, in 1982 Kühnhardt published a collection of journalistic reports entitled ''The Land of 500,000 Villages. Stories from rural India''. The Indian journalist M.N.Hebbar spoke of a “small, but readable book” (Culture Talk. Journal of the Indo-German Societies, 1982). The “Malayalam Literary Survey” judged that the book “provides a vivid picture...Anyone who wants to study the conditions of life prevailing in the villages of India will find this book interesting and instructive” (April/June 1982, p. 68). A year before, in 1981, Kühnhardt had published an essay about the German post-1968 generation, to which he felt he belonged: ''Kinder des Wohlstands. Auf der Suche nach dem verlorenen Sinn'' (''Children of Prosperity. In Search of Lost Meaning'').


Main publications

a) Monographs ''Die Flüchtlingsfrage als Weltordnungsproblem'' (''The refugee question as a world order problem'') In his 1984 dissertation,Kühnhardt was among the first scholars linking the humanitarian drama of refugee movements worldwide during the 19th and 20th centuries (by then there were already 250 million refugees) to their political and ideological causes and their inadequate combat. He warned that unresolved problems of power and violence in countries of origin of refugees as well as unresolved integration issues in a new place can lead to the "Palestinization" of refugee misery and consequently new security and power conflicts. Kühnhardt advocated a precise use of terminology and distinguished between voluntary migration and “forced migration”. His work received international attention and was still cited decades later when the global refugee issue finally gained political interest. In an essay published in 2017, Kühnhardt criticized that lack of combatting root causes of refugee movements. He warned against a cultural uprooting of refugees by accepting them in places far away from their homeland, which would only lead to new tensions in the receiving societies. Therefore, Kühnhardt argued, the German borders should have been closed to Arab asylum seekers in 2015 after the initial “welcome weekend”. ''Die Universalität der Menschenrechte'' (''The universality of human rights'') The study - Kühnhardt's habilitation thesis from 1987 - provided an overview of the history of ideas as well as comparative cultural studies and empirical analysis of the question of whether and to what extent human rights - formulated as universally valid in the UN Declaration of Human Rights - actually apply to every cultural-religious and political sphere of ideas. Despite severe restrictions on their universality in Chinese, Japanese, Islamic, Indian, African and communist political thought, Kühnhardt attested to the gradual universalizability of human rights based on the standards formulated by the United Nations. At the same time, he warned against over-expanding the catalog of human rights. The book triggered media and academic controversies. The study, which can be described as a standard work (28), was also widely received internationally, in political and legal sciences as well as in several area studies and political circles. As recently as 2004, British historian
Timothy Garton Ash Timothy Garton Ash (born 12 July 1955) is a British historian, author and commentator. He is Professor of European Studies at the University of Oxford. Most of his work has been concerned with the contemporary history of Europe, with a special ...
re-confirmed the conclusion from Kühnhardt's study that there was “very little evidence in other cultures” for the idea of human rights. ''Stufen der Souveränität'' (''Stages of sovereignty'') With the study “Stufen der Souveränität” (“Stages of Sovereignty”), published in 1991, Kühnhardt expanded his research to issues of world order. Contrary to the assumption that history would end after the end of the Cold War, he saw Western industrialized countries as increasingly challenged by the demands of the states in the southern hemisphere. The study stated that in what is called today the global South, a genuine concept of state, nation and sovereignty had emerged. Reviews lauded the combination of an empirical and ideational (history of ideas) approach of the book. ''Revolutionszeiten'' (''Revolutionary times'') Following his 1992 analysis of the founding of the European Union with the
Treaty of Maastricht The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the p ...
(signed on February 7, 1992, in force on November 1, 1993) in the light of the idea of federalism, Kühnhardt categorized and contextualized the upheavals of the years 1989/1991 historically, spanning a perspective from revolutions in ancient Rome to the bloody revolutions in Russia and China in the 20th century. In the midst of a contentious controversy over the conceptual attribution of recent events, he described the current and ongoing upheavals in Europe as a revolution and compared them with the great revolutions of history. Drawing on
Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt (born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German and American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theory, political theorists of the twentieth century. Her work ...
's concept of revolution, he emphasized the contemporary historical changes as a peaceful revolution in the spirit of freedom and European unification. The book was translated into Turkish by Hüseyin Bağcı and Senay Plassmann. It was considered particularly suitable for schools by the Turkish Ministry of Culture. In Germany, the Federal Agency for Political Education provided a large print of a study edition. As recently as 2017, excerpts of Kühnhardt's book were quoted in an exhibition by the Federal Foundation for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Germany (
Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung The Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship (, alternatively translated as "(Federal) Foundation for the Study of Communist Dictatorship in East Germany") is a government-funded organisation established in 1998 by the German ...
) and the
German Historical Museum The German Historical Museum (), known by the acronym DHM, is a museum in Berlin, Germany devoted to German history. It describes itself as a place of "enlightenment and understanding of the shared history of Germans and Europeans". It is ofte ...
in Berlin. ''Von der ewigen Suche nach Frieden'' (''On the perpetual search for peace'') On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the publication of
Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German Philosophy, philosopher and one of the central Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works ...
's work ''On Perpetual Peace'' (1795), Kühnhardt attributed Kant's peace principles -as he wrote with an ironic undertone - to the perpetual search for peace in Europe. In his 1996 study, he analysed several “experiments” in European history to create order for the troubled continent: Hegemony and raison d’état (1618-1648); balance of power and legitimacy (1713-1815); hope for collective security (1815-1939). During the Cold War, according to Kühnhardt, world history was frozen. With the end of the East-West conflict, several new organizational structures became visible (including the UN Agenda for Peace and the transformation of the CSCE into the
OSCE The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, the pr ...
). At the same time, however, new forms of “world disorder” emerged (conflicts in Yugoslavia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Africa). Only
NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO ; , OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental Transnationalism, transnational military alliance of 32 Member states of NATO, member s ...
and the EU, Kühnhardt argued, were politically solid enough and rooted in law to guarantee stability for their respective member states. Critics discussed the study for its actualization of Kant's theory;. ''Zukunftsdenker'' (''Future thinkers'') With the study ''Zukunftsdenker'' (''Future Thinkers''), published in 1999, Kühnhardt updated proven ideas of political thought “that can provide timelessly valid, humane and freedom-promoting orientation” as he wrote later in his work biography. Based on intensive studies of the original sources and with an extensive discussion of the current state of research, Kühnhardt interpreted the following “Future Thinkers”:
Hannah Arendt Hannah Arendt (born Johanna Arendt; 14 October 1906 – 4 December 1975) was a German and American historian and philosopher. She was one of the most influential political theory, political theorists of the twentieth century. Her work ...
,
Alexis de Tocqueville Alexis Charles Henri Clérel, comte de Tocqueville (29 July 180516 April 1859), was a French Aristocracy (class), aristocrat, diplomat, political philosopher, and historian. He is best known for his works ''Democracy in America'' (appearing in t ...
,
Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan (Hobbes book), Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered t ...
,
Niccolò Machiavelli Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was a Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian who lived during the Italian Renaissance. He is best known for his political treatise '' The Prince'' (), writte ...
, Aurelius Augustinus and
Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...
. He linked his text-based interpretations to the contemporary challenges to democracy theory. Book reviews praised the hermeneutical value, sometimes not without cultural pessimism. ''Atlantik Brücke'' (''Atlantic Bridge'') Kühnhardt sees himself as a transatlanticist. In his work biography, he explained that he had conceived his most important studies at American universities and think tanks: “Nowhere is the research infrastructure better, the atmosphere more inspiring, the world of horizons more beguiling for the expansion of one's own mind”. For decades, Kühnhardt was active in the Atlantik Brücke, an influential German-American network. In 2002, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of this unique transatlantic network organization, he reconstructed the history of the Atlantik Brücke mirroring German-American relations between 1952 and 2002. The book is simultaneously a study of contemporary history of German-American relations. US President George Bush (1989-1993) wrote in his foreword - which is rare for a scientific publication - that Kühnhardt not only portrayed the Atlantik Brücke itself “with admirable skill and remarkable success,” but also showed how the ideas guiding it shaped five decades of German-American relations beyond the peaceful unification of Germany in a unifying Europe. ''European Union - The Second Founding. The changing rationale of European integration'' According to Kühnhardt, since the end of the Cold War, the European Union has been in a double process of re-founding: as a European social and governance system and as a global power among powers. In his study ''European Union – The Second Founding'' he meticulously recapitulated how the EU (and previously the EEC and the EC) reacted to crises and thereby advanced the European integration processes. While instruments have been developed to mitigate and bargain internal frictions and conflicts of interests among EU member states, such an almost intuitively functioning set of instruments is only at an embryonic stage to project the EU's global political interests, according to his thesis. Nevertheless, as a book review underlined, this task is unavoidable, also in order to secure approval for the unification project within the EU. In the context of his study on the historic evolution and changing rationale of the EU, Kühnhardt edited the results of a research project which he conducted at St. Antony's College
Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...
under the title ''Crises in European Integration. Challenges and Responses, 1945-2005''. Simon Serfaty judged in the “Journal of Cold War Studies” that the texts by German scholars collected in the volume were “a compelling reason for hope in the future” of the EU. ''Region building. The global proliferation of regional integration'' With 'Region Building' Kühnhardt coined a new academic term in 2010. Based on the concept of 'nation building', which is widespread in the social sciences and politics, he argues that the limits of the concept of the nation state in large parts of the world have led to genuine efforts of regional cooperation and integration - thus is: region -building. European unification does not serve as a role model that can be adopted, but rather as a source of inspiration, and sometimes even as deterrence in order to avoid the mistakes done by the EU. Kühnhardt based his study on empirical research in South America and the Caribbean (System of Central American regional integration
SICA The sica is a short sword or large dagger of ancient Illyrians, Thracians, and Dacians; it was also used in ancient Rome. It is a shorter form of the falx, and the root of the word is the same as the modern sickle. It was originally depicted as ...
,
MERCOSUR The Southern Common Market (commonly known by abbreviation ''Mercosur'' in Spanish and ''Mercosul'' in Portuguese) is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full me ...
, Andean Community CAN, Caribbean Community CARICOM), in Africa (
African Union The African Union (AU) is a continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was announced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 September 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union. The b ...
, seven regional economic communities), in Asia (Gulf Cooperation Council GCC, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAARC The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, ...
,
ASEAN The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated as ASEAN, is a regional grouping of 10 states in Southeast Asia "that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members." Together, its member states r ...
), in the Pacific region (
Pacific Islands Forum The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) is an inter-governmental organisation that aims to enhance cooperation among countries and territories of Oceania, including formation of a trade bloc and regional peacekeeping operations. It was founded in 197 ...
) and in Eurasia ( Eurasian Union). The development of the Eurasian Union after the end of the Soviet Union shows a completely different model, which is oriented towards a hegemonic redefinition of
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
n neo-imperial interests. According to Kühnhardt, the lack of sustainable concepts of regional integration in Northeast Asia and in the Middle East demonstrates the persistence of unresolved geopolitical constellations. The return of geopolitical rivalries has increasingly become a challenge for coherent regional cooperation and integration also in other regions of the world over the course of the 2010s. Kühnhardt discussed his assessments in lectures and in connection with policy consultancy work and scientific cooperation around the globe. In 2017, he addressed the 67.General Assembly of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) with a key note on the theme 'region building'. ''Africa Consensus. New Interests, Initiatives and Partners'' Kühnhardt's study, published in 2014, about the interplay between genuinely African approaches to development and integration ("ownership") and the manifold interests of Africa's external partners served as an inspiration for the German federal government in 2017 in developing the
G20 The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU). It works to address major issues related to the global economy, such as international financial stabil ...
Compact with Africa during its term as G20 presidency. Kühnhardt, who has done field research in all 54 African countries, is an Africa-realist, trying to understand the African condition from within. He uses a historical perspective to assess the marginalization of Africa in global affairs and the ongoing transformation becoming a more self-asserted global player. “'Africa Consensus' is the rare book that treats Africa as the complex region that it is” Kingsley Y.Amoako wrote on the spine of the book. Ian Taylor reviewed the book as an overly optimistic interpretation of Africa. ''The Global Society and Its Enemies'' Empirically varying the dictum of philosopher
Karl Popper Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator. One of the 20th century's most influential philosophers of science, Popper is known for his rejection of the ...
about the open society and its enemies, Kühnhardt examined in 2017 the causes and circumstances of what - along with
Pope Francis Pope Francis (born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936 – 21 April 2025) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 13 March 2013 until Death and funeral of Pope Francis, his death in 2025. He was the fi ...
and King Abdullah II. of
Jordan Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Jordan is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the east, Saudi Arabia to the south, and Israel and the occupied Palestinian ter ...
- he called the “Third World War”. Kühnhardt analyzed the consequences of decolonization in the postcolonial age, tensions between spaces and politically constituted spheres, the ambivalence of borders and orders, and the tensions between human rights and collective identity politics (society vs.community). With reference to Popper's thesis that tribalism destroys humanism, Kühnhardt criticizes political Islam and Western anti-globalization movements as main opponents to a modern inclusive global society. The book was reviewed as valuable contribution to the ongoing confusion about global transformations. ''Das politische Denken der Europäischen Union'' (''The political thought of the European Union'') The textbook, published in 2022 with rich didactical material available online, was conceptualized in the context of teaching political science classes with input from students. Kühnhardt argues that in the meantime the European Union has given rise to a genuine genre of political thought. He distinguishes this from classical intellectual history, theories of international relations and European integration theories. Using a variety of examples - e.g. notions of EU decision-making, European sovereignty, key Euro-speech words such as community of values and EU citizenship - he dissects the principles, ideas and goals of the European Union as they have developed and changed in the course of European integration itself. ''Connected Worlds'' Study trips and field research, guest professorships and public lectures took Ludger Kühnhardt to all 193 member states of the United Nations and to 42 partially sovereign territories or defunct states (including the German Democratic Republic, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union). During all his stays outside Germany - which amount to a fifth of his life span - he wrote a diary, originally in German. The edited texts about encounters with a myriad of ordinary people and public figures, places of interest and impressions on local realities reconstruct the complex developments of today's global world in its dialectical interconnectedness and disunity during the time span between 1960 and 2020. The two volums provide a rich source for research and a colourful panorama through the lens of one of the most globe-trotting contemporary authors. ''Building Bridges between Academia, Politics and Media. A Work Biography'' In his biography, Kühnhardt reflects on the context of the creation and the impact of his most important scholarly work. He provides a lively account of his motivations and the inner connections of his work in research and teaching, his role models and the impulses he was able to give. The detailed work biography contains a bibliography of all his publications up to the time of his retirement in 2024. ''b) Editor'' ''Die doppelte deutsche Diktaturerfahrung'' (''The double German experience with dictatorship'') One of the first efforts to conduct a structural-historical comparative analysis between the National Socialist dictatorship in the German Reich between 1993 and 1945 and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) between 1949 and 1990 was the anthology that Ludger Kühnhardt prepared and published with Freiburg students in 1993. The volume sheds light on systemic issues, institutional, political and societal aspects of the two dictatorships on German soil. Reviewers judged that the volume had “marked a safe point in a mined area” and considered the book and its underlying project as “overall successful”. ''The Bonn Handbook of Globality'' Ludger Kühnhardt and Tilman Mayer have brought together contributions from 110 professors of Bonn University to answer the question of whether and to what extent the global turn is changing the European perspective on conceptualization, symbolization and interpretation of meaning in the humanities and cultural sciences. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the University of Bonn in 2018, the concept of globality is examined comprehensively in the spheres of human development, human communication, technical-instrumental appropriation of the world, the aesthetical-practical appropriation of the world as well as moral order and human mortality. All articles follow the same systematic (Terminology - Global Turn - Implications) and length. They are framed by essays discussing the methodology, context and content of the handbook. Reviewers praised the encyclopedia as expression of the intellectual profile of one of the leading research universities and described the conceptual work done in the two volums as "gigantic". ''Im Gespräch bleiben'' (''Staying in conversation'') For over three decades, Ludger Kühnhardt brought together current and former doctoral students for seminar meetings (Freiburger Politikdialog/Bonner Europakolloquium) mostly with contributions by the young scholars themselves. The legendary seminars - with the aim to remain in conversation beyond the years of university studies - which took place between 1994 and 2023 are documented in this book. A farewell lecture by Ludger Kühnhardt to his doctoral students concludes the dialogue project. In this lecture, Kühnhardt presents his view on the changes in German and European academia and politics during the three decades of his university activity.Ludger Kühnhardt.Politikwissenschaft als Beruf. Zwischen den Zeiten. In: Ludger Kühnhardt (ed.). ''Im Gespräch bleiben. Politische Wissenschaft und berufliche Praxis. Freiburger Politikdialog/Bonner Europakolloquium (1994-2023)''. op.cit. pp.747-781.


Bibliography

Among more than forty books, his publications include: * ''Constituting Europe'', Baden-Baden: Nomos 2003. * ''European Union – The Second Founding. The Changing Rationale of European Integration'', Baden-Baden: Nomos 2008 (2nd.revised edition 2010). * ''Crises in European Integration. Challenges and Responses, 1945–2005'', New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books 2009. * ''Region Building'' (2 volumes). New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books 2010. * ''Africa Consensus: New Interests, Initiatives and Partners''. Washington D.C./Baltimore: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press 2014. * ''The Bonn Handbook of Globality'' (2 volumes, edited with Tilman Mayer). Cham: Springer International 2019. * ''The Global Society and Its Enemies: Liberal Order Beyond the Third World War''. Cham: Springer International 2017. * ''Connected Worlds. Notes from 235 Countries and Territories (vol.1: 1960-1999; vol.2.2000-2020)''. Wiesbaden: Springer Nature 2023. * ''Building Bridges between Academia, Politics and Media. A Work Biography.'' Wiesbaden: Springer VS 2024.


References


External links

* Library of Congress

* Harvard Library (HOLLIS)
query=any,contains,Ludger%20K%C3%BChnhardt&tab=books&search_scope=default_scope&vid=HVD2&lang=en_US&offset=0
* Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

* Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek

German political scientists Academic staff of the College of Europe Living people 1958 births> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuhnhardt, Ludger German political scientists Academic staff of the College of Europe Living people 1958 births/a> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kuhnhardt, Ludger German political scientists Academic staff of the College of Europe Living people 1958 births