Formation
Imperative mood is often expressed using special conjugated verb forms. Like other finite verb forms, imperatives often inflect forOther languages
Other languages such asSyntax and negation
Imperative sentences sometimes use different syntax than declarative or other types of clauses. There may also be differences of syntax between affirmative and negative imperative sentences. In some cases the imperative form of the verb is itself different when negated. A distinct negative imperative form is sometimes said to be in prohibitive mood ( abbreviated ). Negative imperatives tell the subject to not do something. They usually begin with the verb "don't" or the negative form of a verb. e.g., example, "Don't be like that." Many languages, even not normally null-subject languages, omit the subject pronoun in imperative sentences, as usually occurs in English (see below). Details of the syntax of imperative sentences in certain other languages, and of differences between affirmative and negative imperatives, can be found in some of the other specific language sections below. In writing, imperative phrases and sentences may terminate in an exclamation mark (!).Usage
Imperatives are used principally for ordering, requesting or advising the listener to do (or not to do) something: "Put down the gun!", "Pass me the sauce", "Don't go too near the tiger." They are also often used for giving instructions as to how to perform a task: "Install the file, then restart your computer". They can sometimes be seen on signs giving orders or warnings "Stop", "Give way", "Do not enter". The use of the imperative mood may be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances. In polite speech, orders or requests are often phrased instead as questions or statements, rather than as imperatives: * Could you come here for a moment? (more polite than "Come here!") * It would be great if you made us a drink. (for "Make us a drink!") * I have to ask you to stop. (for "Stop!") Politeness strategies (for instance, indirect speech acts) can seem more appropriate in order not to threaten a conversational partner in their needs of self-determination and territory: the partner's ''negative face'' should not appear threatened. As well as the replacement of imperatives with other sentence types as discussed above, there also often exist methods of phrasing an imperative in a more polite manner, such as the addition of a word like ''please''; or a phrase like ''if you could''; or substituting one ''directive'' for another, as in the change from ''will'' to ''may'' e.g, "you will do that" becomes "you may / can do that". Imperatives are also used for speech acts whose function is not primarily to make an order or request, but to give an invitation, give permission, express a wish, make an apology, et cetera: * Come to the party tomorrow! (invitation) * Eat the apple if you want. (permission) * Have a nice trip! (wish) * Pardon me. (apology) When written, imperative sentences are often, but not always, terminated with an exclamation mark. First person plural imperatives ( cohortatives) are used mainly for suggesting an action to be performed together by the speaker and the addressee (and possibly other people): "Let's go to Barbados this year", "Let us pray". Third person imperatives ( jussives) are used to suggest or order that a third party or parties be permitted or made to do something: "Let them eat cake", "Let him be executed". There is an additional imperative form that is used for general prohibitions, consisting of the word "no" followed by theIn particular languages
For more details on imperatives in the languages listed below, and in languages that are not listed, see the articles on the grammar of the specific languages.Latin
Latin regular imperatives include: The negative imperative is formed with the infinitive of the verb, preceded by the imperative of (to not want): For third-person imperatives, the subjunctive mood is used instead. In Latin there is a peculiar tense in the imperative, which is the future tense that is used when you want the mandate to be fulfilled in the future. This tense is used mainly in laws, wills, precepts, etc. However, it is conjugated only with the third and second person singular and plural which carries as a gramme or ending for the second and third person singular, for the second person plural and for the third person plural. On the other hand, in other languages of the world there is a distinctive imperative, which also has a future value, but with a previous meaning and this is the so-called past imperative that appears in the French and Greek languages as a point of reference. See Latin conjugation. Sentence examples of the future imperative: * (You will do my father's will.) * (They will not swear falsely.) * (You will not kill your brother.) * (You will do what I tell you.) * (You will listen to what I say.)Germanic languages
English
English usually omits the subject pronoun in imperative sentences: *You work hard. (indicative) *Work hard! (imperative; subject pronoun ''you'' omitted) However, it is possible to include the ''you'' in imperative sentences for emphasis. English imperatives are negated using ''don't'' (as in "Don't work!") This is a case of ''do''-support as found in indicative clauses; however in the imperative it applies even in the case of the verb ''be'' (which does not use ''do''-support in the indicative): *You are not late. (indicative) *Don't be late! (imperative) It is also possible to use ''do''-support in affirmative imperatives, for emphasis or (sometimes) politeness: "Do be quiet!", "Do help yourself!". The subject ''you'' may be included for emphasis in negated imperatives as well, following ''don't'': "Don't you dare do that again!"Dutch
A peculiar feature of Dutch is that it can form an imperative mood in the pluperfect tense. Its use is fairly common: * (You should have called!, ''If only'' you had called) * (You should have come!, ''If only'' you had come)German
German verbs have a singular and a plural imperative. The singular imperative is equivalent to the bare stem or the bare stem + . (In most verbs, both ways are correct.) The plural imperative is the same as the second-person plural of the present tense. * or: – said to one person: "Sing!" * – said to a group of persons: "Sing!" In order to emphasize their addressee, German imperatives can be followed by the nominative personal pronouns ("thou; you ") or ("you "), respectively. For example: "" – "" ("Go away!" – "Why, you go away!"). German has T/V distinction, which means that the pronouns and are used chiefly towards persons with whom one is privately acquainted, which holds true for the corresponding imperatives. (For details see German grammar.) Otherwise, the social-distance pronoun (you) is used for both singular and plural. Since there exists no actual imperative corresponding to , the form is paraphrased with the third-person plural of the present subjunctive followed by the pronoun: * – said to one or more persons: "Sing!" * – said to one or more persons: "Be quiet!" Occasionally, the infinitive (''Infinitiv'' or ''Infinitiv als Imperativ'') may be used as a mild or polite imperative, in order to avoid directly addressing the person or to simplify the sentence's construction. Although sometimes used in spoken language, this form is most commonly used in general instructions and recipes. Examples include: * – "No smoking!" * - "Cook the pasta ''al dente'' and drain." * - "Please do not touch!" Like English, German features many constructions that express commands, wishes, etc. They are thus semantically related to imperatives without being imperatives grammatically: * (Let's sing!) * (You may sing!) * (You should sing!)Romance languages
French
Examples of regular imperatives in French are (), () and (, "let's eat"), from (to eat) – these are similar or identical to the corresponding present indicative forms, although there are some irregular imperatives that resemble the present subjunctives, such as , and , from (to be). A third person imperative can be formed using a subjunctive clause with the conjunction , as in ( let them eat cake). French uses different word order for affirmative and negative imperative sentences: * (Give it to them.) * (Don't give it to them.) The negative imperative (prohibitive) has the same word order as the indicative. See for detail. Like in English, imperative sentences often end with an exclamation mark, e.g. to emphasize an order. In French there is a very distinctive imperative which is the imperative mood of preterite tense also called (past imperative or imperative ofSpanish
In Spanish, imperatives for the familiar singular second person (''tú'') are usually identical to indicative forms for the singular third person. However, there are irregular verbs for which unique imperative forms for ''tú'' exist. ''vos'' ( alternative to ''tú'') usually takes the same forms as ''tú'' (usually with slightly different emphasis) but unique forms exist for it as well. ''vosotros'' (plural familiar second person) also takes unique forms for the imperative. If an imperative takes a pronoun as an object, it is appended to the verb; for example, (Tell me). Pronouns can be stacked like they can in indicative clauses: * (You tell me it or You tell it to me, can also mean You tell me as usually is not translated) * (Tell me it, Tell it to me, Tell me) Imperatives can be formed for (singular formal second person), (plural second person), and (plural first person) from the respective present subjunctive form. Negative imperatives for these pronouns (as well as , , and ) are also formed this way, but are negated by (e.g. , "Don't sing").Portuguese
In Portuguese, affirmative imperatives for singular and plural second person () derive from their respective present indicative conjugations, after having their final dropped.There are some exceptions to this rule; mainly for phonetical reasons and for , which hold archaic conjugation paradigm, . On the other hand, their negative imperatives are formed by their respective subjunctive forms, as well as both affirmative and negative imperatives for treatment pronouns () and plural first person (). If a verb takes a pronoun, it should be appended to the verb: * (Tell me) Portugal/Brazil * (Tell me) Brazil (spoken) * (Tell me it, Tell it to me)Celtic languages
Welsh
In spoken Welsh most verbs can form two imperatives, both in the second person: one for singular and one for plural/polite singular. The singular imperative is formed by adding ''–a'' to the verbal-stem ( → 'see!') while the plural/polite form takes ''–wch'': 'see!'. In informal writing, the plural/polite form is often used to translate 'please' as in '(please) pay here' ( is the plural/polite imperative form of 'to pay'). In literary Welsh there are imperatives for all persons and numbers, except for the first-person singular. These must often be translated using phrases in English: 'let us see'; 'let them see'; 'let him/her/it see'; 'let it be seen, it is to be seen'. In the literary language the second person singular suffix ''–a'' is often not used: (spoken), but (literary); (spoken), but (literary). The five irregular Welsh verbs ( and ) also have irregular imperative forms which also differ between the spoken and literary languages.Irish
Irish language">Irish has imperative forms in all three persons and both numbers, although the first person singular is most commonly found in the negative (e.g. "let me not hear that again").Indic Languages
Hindi-Urdu
In Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani language, Hindustani) the imperatives are conjugated by adding suffixes to the root verb. The negative and positive imperatives are not constructed differently in Hindustani. There are three negations that be used to form negative imperatives. They are: * Imperative negation - mat (used with verbs in imperative mood) * Indicative negation - nahī̃ (used with verbs in indicative and presumptive mood) * Subjunctive negation - nā (used with verbs in subjunctive and contrafactual mood) Often to soften down the tone of the imperatives, the subjunctive and indicative negation are used to form negative imperatives. Imperatives can also be formed using subjunctives to give indirect commands to the third person and to formal second person. A peculiar feature of Hindi-Urdu is that it has imperatives in two tenses; present and the future tense. The present tense imperative gives command in the present and future imperative gives command for the future. Hindi-Urdu explicitly marks grammatical aspects and any verb can be put into the simple, habitual, perfective, and progressive aspects. Each aspect in turn can be conjugated into five different grammatical moods, imperative mood being one of them.Sanskrit
InBengali
Standard modern Bengali uses the negative postposition /nā/ after a future imperative formed using the fusional suffix (in addition, umlaut vowel changes in the verb root might take place).Other Indo-European languages
Greek
Russian
The commanding form in Russian language is formed from the base of the present tense.Валгина Н.С., Розенталь Д.Э. Современный русский язык. 1987, Moscow, page 322—323. isbn 978-5-8112-6640-1 The most common form of the second person singular or plural. The form of the second person singular in the imperative mood is formed as follows: * A verb with a present stem ending in the form of the second person singular of the imperative mood is equal to the base: .Non-Indo-European languages
Finnish
In Finnish, there are two ways of forming a first-person plural imperative. A standard version exists, but it is typically replaced colloquially by the impersonal tense. Forms also exist for second and third person. Only first person singular does not have an imperative.Hebrew
InJapanese
Japanese uses separate verb forms as shown below. See also the suffixes (''–nasai'') and (''–kudasai'').Korean
Korean has six levels of honorific, all of which have their own imperative endings. Auxiliary verbs and are used for negative indicative and prohibitive, respectively.Mandarin
Standard Chinese uses different words of negation for the indicative and the prohibitive moods.Turkish
For the imperative form, the second-person singular, Turkish uses the bare verb stem without the infinitive ending . Other imperative forms use various suffixes. The second-person plural, which can also be used to express formality (See T–V distinction), uses the suffixes . The second person double-plural, reserved for super formal contexts (usually public notifications), uses the suffixes . Third-person singular uses . Third-person plural uses (There is no third person double-plural in Turkish). First-person pronouns do not have imperative forms. All Turkish imperative suffixes change depending on the verb stem according to the rules of vowel harmony. Turkish also has a separate optative mood. Conjugations of the optative mood for the first-person pronouns are sometimes incorrectly said to be first-person imperatives. Conjugations of the optative mood for second and third-person pronouns exist, but are rarely used in practice. Negative imperative forms are made in the same way, but using a negated verb as the base. For example, the second person singular imperative of (not to drink) is (don't drink). Other Turkic languages construct imperative forms similarly to Turkish.See also
* Free choice inference * Imperative logic * Modality (natural language) *Footnotes
References
* Austin, J. L. ''How to do things with words'', Oxford, Clarendon Press 1962. * Schmecken, H. ''Orbis Romanus'', Paderborn, Schöningh 1975, . {{DEFAULTSORT:Imperative Mood Grammatical moods Verb types