Leo of Ohrid (
Greek
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*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
: Λέων Άχρίδος; died 1056) was a leading 11th-century
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...
churchman as
Archbishop of Ohrid The Archbishop of Ohrid is a historic title given to the Primate (bishop), primate of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. The whole original title of the primate was ''Archbishop of Justiniana Prima and all Bulgaria'' ().
The archbishopric was established ...
(1037–1056) and advocate of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (, ; ; , "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is heade ...
's views in the theological disputes with the
See of Rome
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Arts, entertainment, and media
* Music:
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*** "See", song by The Rascals, on the album ''See''
** "See" (Tycho song), song by Tycho
* Televisio ...
, which culminated in the
East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion (Christian), communion between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. A series of Eastern Orthodox – Roman Catholic eccle ...
of 1054.
Life
Nothing is known about Leo's early life. Sometime after 1037, he was appointed
Archbishop of Ohrid The Archbishop of Ohrid is a historic title given to the Primate (bishop), primate of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. The whole original title of the primate was ''Archbishop of Justiniana Prima and all Bulgaria'' ().
The archbishopric was established ...
, prior to which he had held the position of ''
chartophylax
A ''chartophylax'' (, from χάρτα, "document" and φύλαξ, "guard, keeper"), sometimes also referred to as a ''chartoularios'', was an ecclesiastical officer in charge of official documents and records in the Greek Orthodox Church in Byzant ...
'' in the
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia (; ; ; ; ), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (; ), is a mosque and former Church (building), church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey. The last of three church buildings to be successively ...
in
Constantinople
Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...
.
Under Patriarch
Michael Keroularios
Michael I of Constantinople (''Cerularius'' or ''Keroularios''; ; 1000 – 21 January 1059) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043 to 1059. His disputes with Pope Leo IX over church practices in the 11th century played a ro ...
(1043–59), Leo was sent as the spokesman of Constantinople to theological debates with clergymen representing the
Pope of Rome
The pope is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of sta ...
in
southern Italy
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The term "" today mostly refers to the regions that are associated with the people, lands or cultu ...
. He reiterated his views in a 1053 letter to the bishop
John of Trani, which was however addressed to the Pope and all
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
bishops. In this letter, "Leo for the first time shifted the
religious estrangement between East and West toward liturgical and disciplinary issues" (J. Meyendorff), and condemned various practices of the Western Church such as the eating of strangled meat, with blood, the fasting on Saturdays (contrary to the Council of Trullo), or various minor issues of ritual. The most important point of friction, however, was the Western use of unleavened bread (''
azyma'') for celebrating the
Eucharist
The Eucharist ( ; from , ), also called Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament or the Lord's Supper, is a Christianity, Christian Rite (Christianity), rite, considered a sacrament in most churches and an Ordinance (Christianity), ordinance in ...
, which provoked a running argument carried out in a series of letters with Cardinal
Humbert of Silva Candida
Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier ( 1000 to 1015 – 5 May 1061) was a French Benedictine abbot and later cardinal. It was his act of excommunicating the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael I Cerularius ...
, which finally led to Humbert's mission to Constantinople in 1054 and the finalizing of the
Great Schism between Rome and the East through their mutual
anathema
The word anathema has two main meanings. One is to describe that something or someone is being hated or avoided. The other refers to a formal excommunication by a Christian denomination, church. These meanings come from the New Testament, where a ...
s, resulting in the existence as separate Churches of the
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
and the
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is List of Christian denominations by number of members, one of the three major doctrinal and ...
.
André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge (editors), ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages''
(Routledge 2000 , vol. 1, p. 841
See also
* History of the East–West Schism
History is the systematic study of the past, focusing primarily on the human past. As an academic discipline, it analyses and interprets evidence to construct narratives about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categ ...
References
Sources
*
{{authority control
Year of birth unknown
1056 deaths
11th-century Byzantine bishops
Archbishops of Ohrid
Byzantine theologians
11th-century Byzantine writers
11th-century Christian theologians
Hagia Sophia
East–West Schism