Lenong

''Lenong'' is a traditional theatrical form of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Description

''Lenong'' is a form of theatre traditional to the Betawi people of Jakarta, Indonesia. Dialogue is generally in the Betawi dialect. Actions and dialogue are often presented in a humorous manner on top of a stage known as a ''pentas tapal kuda'', so named for the way actors enter the stage from the left and right. Audiences sit in front of the stage. The number of performers is determined by the needs of the story. Male performers are referred to as ''panjak'', while female performers are known as '' ronggeng''.

A performance is generally opened with a prayer, known as ''ungkup'', and a ritual offering before introducing the performers. '' Gambang kromong'' is one of the musical genres which may accompany a performance. Musicians may use various instruments, including flutes, gongs, accordions, or drums. The songs are traditionally quite formulaic, and several songs are common in performances, including "Cente Manis" and "Jali-Jali". Chinese musical influences can be seen.

Performances can be classified under many genres, although most are about heroes or criminals; tales adapted from folklore, such as from the ''One Thousand and One Nights'', are also common. In broad strokes there are two main subdivisions of ''lenong'', namely ''lenong denes'' and ''lenong preman''. Stories in ''lenong denes'' focus on the exploits of the nobility, the rich, and the powerful. ''Lenong preman'' stories are always about commoners or folk heroes. The type of performance will affect the costumes worn. Stories are not memorised from a script. Rather, performers will memorise an orally-presented outline and follow that, with improvisation as necessary.

History

''Lenong'' developed from the earlier form ''Gambang Rancag''. In its earlier years, beginning around the turn of the twentieth century, it was promoted by ethnic Chinese. This has left fairly extensive Chinese influences in the genre.

''Lenong'' performances from the 1920s and 1930s often focused on the exploits of bandits, including Si Pitung and Si Tjonat. These bandits, though portrayed as despicable people by Dutch and ethnic Chinese writers, became more Robin Hood-like in ''lenong''; Si Pitung, for instance, became a humble person, a good Muslim, a hero of Betawi people, and an upholder of justice.

During the 1950s, Sudiro, the governor of Jakarta, restricted performances of traditional theatre such as ''lenong''. Meanwhile, ''lenong'' performances were unable to compete in the market due to the booming domestic film industry. Troupes had to go from '' kampung'' to ''kampung'', offering performances for money which, ultimately, was not always enough to survive on. By the early 1960s ''lenong'' was nearly extinct.

During the 1970s, Governor Ali Sadikin gave greater freedom to traditional culture. In this atmosphere, cultural critic and film director D. Djajakusuma worked to promote and preserve ''lenong'', with regular performances at Taman Ismail Marzuki; as a result, S. M. Ardan considers him as having saved the genre. Many ''lenong'' actors, including Benyamin Sueb, Mandra, and Enung Tile bin Bayan, began making films in the 1970s.

''In the early 1990s, Lenong'' started to be televised when Harry de Fretes combined l''enong'' and sitcoms to create ''Lenong Rumpi'' (literally ''Gossip Lenong''). This was aired on RCTI from 1991 to 1992. Unlike stage performances, performers on this televised ''lenong'' were mostly not native Betawi speakers.

See also

*'' Ketoprak''
*''Ludruk''

References

Works cited

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Culture of Indonesia
Betawi
Betawi people
Theatre of Indonesia
Traditional drama and theatre of Indonesia
Oral tradition