A Kumbum ( "one hundred thousand holy images") is a multi-storied aggregate of Buddhist chapels in Tibetan Buddhism. The most famous Kumbum forms part of Palcho Monastery.
The first Kumbum was founded in the fire sheep year 1427 by a Gyantse prince. It has nine ''lhakang''s or levels, is high surmounted by a golden dome, and contains 77 chapels which line its walls. Many of the statues were damaged during the Cultural Revolution but have since been replaced with clay images, though they lack the artistic merit of the originals. The 14th century murals showing Newar people, Newar and Chinese influences, survived much better.
The Kumbum or great ''gomang'' ("many-doored") stupa at Gyantse is a three-dimensional mandala meant to portray the Buddhist cosmos. The Kumbum, like other mandalas, which are portrayed by a circle within a square, enables the devotee to take part in the Buddhist perception of the universe and can depict one's potential as they move through it. Mandalas are meant to aid an individual on the path to enlightenment. The Kumbum holds a vast number of images of deities throughout its structure with Vajradhara (Sanskrit:Vajradhāra, Tibetan: rdo rje 'chang (Dorje Chang), English: Vajraholder), the cosmic Buddha, at the top.
:"The lhakangs of the nine levels of the Kumbum, decreasing in number at each level, are structured according to the compendium of Sakya ''tantra''s called ''Drubtab Kantu''. Thus each lhakang and each level creates a mandala, and the entire Kumbum represents a three-dimensional path to the Buddha's enlightenment in terms of increasingly subtle Vajrayana, tantric mandalas."
The best known Kumbum is the Gyantse Kumbum, built in 1497 by a prince of Gyantse, but there are other surviving examples at Jonang, built by Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen and consecrated in 1333, and the Chung Riwoche Kumbun at Päl Riwoche, which was built by Thang Tong Gyalpo, who began work on it in 1449.
[Gerner, Manfred ]
Chakzampa Thangtong Gyalpo - Architect, Philosopher and Iron Chain Bridge Builder
'', p. 15. Thimphu: Center for Bhutan Studies 2007. A further one is at Kumbum Monastery near Xining in Qinghai. The Great Stupa of Universal Compassion being built near Bendigo, Australia is modelled on the Gyantse Kumbum.
Footnotes
Gallery
Image:Kumbum eyes.jpg, Artwork on the exterior of the Kumbum in Gyantse.
Image:Entrance Pango Chorten, Gyantse.JPG, Entrance to Pango Chorten, Gyantse, 1993
Image:Wrathful Deity, Gyantse.JPG, Wrathful Deity, Pango Chorten, Gyantse.
Image:Pango Chorten, Gyantse.JPG, Pango Chorten, Gyantse.
Image:Tara, Gyantse Kumbum.JPG, Tara statue. Gyantse Kumbum. 1993
Image:Protective deity, Gyantse Kumbum.JPG, Protective deity, Gyantse Kumbum. 1993
Image:Sitting Buddha, Gyantse Kumbum.JPG, Sitting Buddha, Gyantse Kumbum. 1993
Image:Deity, Gyantse Kumbum.JPG, Deity, Gyantse Kumbum. 1993
Image:Statue, Gyantse Kumbum.JPG, Statue, Gyantse Kumbum. 1993
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-07-24-30, Tibetexpedition, Großer Chörten in Gyantse.jpg, Gyantse Kumbum and gompa, 1938
Literature
*von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2006. ''Empowered Masters: Tibetan Wall Paintings of Mahasiddhas at Gyantse''. (p. 224 pages with 91 colour illustrations). Chicago: Serindia Publications.
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Buddhist temples in Tibet