Description
Most are shrubs or Perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants, but a few are annual plant, annual or biennial plant, biennial. The largest, ''Kalanchoe beharensis'' from Madagascar, can reach tall, but most species are less than tall. Kalanchoes open their flowers by growing new cells on the inner surface of the petals to force them outwards, and on the outside of the petals to close them. Kalanchoe flowers are divided into 4 sections with 8 stamens. The petals are fused into a tube, in a similar way to some related genera such as ''Cotyledon (genus), Cotyledon''.Taxonomy
The genus ''Kalanchoe'' was first described by the French botanist Michel Adanson in 1763. The genus ''Bryophyllum'' was described by Richard Anthony Salisbury, Salisbury in 1806 and the genus ''Kitchingia'' was created by John Gilbert Baker, Baker in 1881. ''Kitchingia'' is now regarded as a synonym for ''Kalanchoe'', while ''Bryophyllum'' has also been treated as a separate genus, since species of ''Bryophyllum'' appear to be nested within Kalanchoe on molecular phylogenetic analysis, ''Bryophyllum'' is considered as a section of the former, dividing the genus into three sections, ''Kitchingia'', ''Bryophyllum'', and ''Eukalanchoe''. these were formalised as subgenera by Smith and Figueiredo (2018).Etymology
Adanson cited Georg Joseph Kamel (Camellus) as his source for the name. The name came from the Cantonese language, Cantonese name 伽藍菜 (Jyutping: gaa1 laam4 coi3). ''Kalanchoe ceratophylla'' and ''Kalanchoe laciniata'' are both called Kalanchoe, Chinese Plant NamesList of selected species
*''Kalanchoe adelae'' *''Kalanchoe arborescens'' *''Kalanchoe beauverdii'' *''Kalanchoe beharensis'' – velvet leaf, felt plant, felt bush *''Kalanchoe bentii'' *''Kalanchoe blossfeldiana'' – flaming katy, Christmas kalanchoe, florist kalanchoe, Madagascar widow's-thrill *''Kalanchoe bouvetii'' *''Kalanchoe bracteata'' *''Kalanchoe brasiliensis'' *''Kalanchoe ceratophylla'' *''Kalanchoe crenata'' *''Kalanchoe crundallii'' *''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'' – Devil's backbone, Mexican-hat plant, mother of thousands *''Kalanchoe delagoensis'' *''Kalanchoe dinklagei'' *''Kalanchoe eriophylla'' *''Kalanchoe fadeniorum'' *''Kalanchoe farinacea'' *''Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi'' *''Kalanchoe figuereidoi'' *''Kalanchoe flammea'' *''Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri'' – donkey ears, life plant *''Kalanchoe glaucescens'' *''Kalanchoe garambiensis'' *''Kalanchoe gracilipes'' *''Kalanchoe grandidieri'' *''Kalanchoe grandiflora'' *''Kalanchoe hildebrantii'' – silver teaspoons *''Kalanchoe humilis'' *''Kalanchoe jongmansii'' *''Kalanchoe kewensis'' *''Kalanchoe laciniata'' *''kalanchoe laetivirens'' *''Kalanchoe lateritia'' *''Kalanchoe laxiflora'' *''Kalanchoe linearifolia'' *''Kalanchoe longiflora'' – long-flower kalanchoe *''Kalanchoe luciae'' – paddle plant *''Kalanchoe macrochlamys'' *''Kalanchoe manginii'' – beach bells *''Kalanchoe marmorata'' – penwiper *''Kalanchoe marnieriana'' *''Kalanchoe millotii'' *''Kalanchoe miniata'' *''Kalanchoe mortagei'' *''Kalanchoe nyikae'' *''Kalanchoe obtusa'' *''Kalanchoe orgyalis'' *''Kalanchoe petitiana'' * ''Kalanchoe pinnata'' (Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Lam.) Pers. *''Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx'' *''Kalanchoe prasina'' *''Kalanchoe prolifera'' *''Kalanchoe pubescens'' *''Kalanchoe pumila'' *''Kalanchoe quartiniana'' *''Kalanchoe rhombopilosa'' – pies from heaven *''Kalanchoe robusta'' *''Kalanchoe rolandi-bonapartei'' *''Kalanchoe rosei'' *''Kalanchoe rotundifolia'' *''Kalanchoe schizophylla'' *''Kalanchoe serrata'' *''Kalanchoe sexangularis'' *''Kalanchoe streptantha'' *''Kalanchoe suarezensis'' *''Kalanchoe synsepala'' – cup kalanchoe, walking kalanchoe *''Kalanchoe thyrsiflora'' – flapjacks, desert cabbage, white lady, geelplakkie, meelplakkie, plakkie *''Kalanchoe tomentosa'' – panda plant *''Kalanchoe uniflora'' *''Kalanchoe producta'' *''Kalanchoe viguieri''List of hybrids
Several hybrids within ''Kalanchoe'' are known: * Kalanchoe × houghtonii, ''K. houghtonii'' = Kalanchoe daigremontiana, ''K. daigremontiana'' × Kalanchoe delagoensis, ''K. delagoensis'' * ''K. lokarana'' * Kalanchoe × poincarei, ''K. poincarei'' * ''K. rechingeri'' * ''K. richaudii'' = ''K. delagoensis'' × ''K. rosei''Distribution and ecology
The genus is predominantly native to the Old World. Only one species originates from the Americas. 56 are from southern and eastern Africa and 60 species on the island of Madagascar. It is also found in south-eastern Asia and China. These plants are food plants for caterpillars of the Red Pierrot butterfly. The butterfly lays its eggs on phylloclades, and after hatching, caterpillars burrow into the phylloclades and eat their inside cells.Cultivation and uses
These plants are cultivated as ornamental houseplants and rock or Cactus garden, succulent garden plants. They are popular because of their ease of propagation, low water requirements, and wide variety of flower colors typically borne in clusters well above the phylloclades. The section (botany), section ''Kalanchoe sect. Bryophyllum, Bryophyllum''—formerly an independent genus—contains species such as the "air-plant" ''Kalanchoe pinnata''. In these plants, new individuals develop Vegetative reproduction, vegetatively as plantlets, also known as bulbils or gemmae, at indentations in phylloclade margins. These young plants eventually drop off and take root. No males have been found of one species of this genus which does flower and produce seeds, and it is commonly called the mother of thousands: ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'' is thus an example of asexual reproduction. The cultivars ‘Tessa’ and ‘Wendy’ have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.Diseases
Traditional medicine
In traditional medicine, ''Kalanchoe'' species have been used to treat ailments such as infections, rheumatism and inflammation. ''Kalanchoe'' extracts also have Immunosuppressant, immunosuppressive effects. ''Kalanchoe pinnata'' has been recorded in Trinidad and Tobago as being used as a traditional treatment for hypertension. A variety of bufadienolide compounds have been isolated from various ''Kalanchoe'' species. Five different bufadienolides have been isolated from ''Kalanchoe daigremontiana''. Two of these, daigremontianin and bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate, have been shown to have a pronounced sedative effect. They also have the strong positive inotropic effect associated with cardiac glycosides, and with greater doses an increasing effect on the central nervous system. Bufadienolide compounds isolated from ''Kalanchoe pinnata'' include bryophillin A which showed strong anti-tumor promoting activity, and bersaldegenin-3-acetate and bryophillin C which were less active. Bryophillin C also showed insecticidal properties.In Popular Culture
Kalanchoe play a major role in the Japan, Japanese anime and manga series The Yakuza's Guide to Babysitting.References
Bibliography
* * * * * *External links
* * {{Taxonbar, from=Q312063 Kalanchoe, Flora of Southern Africa Medicinal plants of Africa Space-flown life Taxa named by Michel Adanson Crassulaceae genera