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is the section of a Japanese Imperial Palace called the where the Imperial Family and court ladies lived. Many cultured women gathered as wives of Emperors, and court ladies, as well as the maids for these women; court officials often visited these women for influence, literary charm, or romances. Significant contributions to the literature of Japan were created in the Kōkyū during this period: works such as ''
The Tale of Genji is a classic work of Japanese literature written by the noblewoman, poet, and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu around the peak of the Heian period, in the early 11th century. It is one of history's first novels, the first by a woman to have wo ...
'' by
Murasaki Shikibu was a Japanese novelist, Japanese poetry#Age of Nyobo or court ladies, poet and lady-in-waiting at the Imperial Court in Kyoto, Imperial court in the Heian period. She was best known as the author of ''The Tale of Genji'', widely considered t ...
, ''
The Pillow Book is a book of observations and musings recorded by Sei Shōnagon during her time as court lady to Fujiwara no Teishi, Empress Consort Teishi during the 990s and early 1000s in Heian-period Japan. The book was completed in the year 1002. The wor ...
'' by
Sei Shōnagon , or , was a Japanese author, poet, and court lady who served the Empress Teishi (Sadako) around the year 1000, during the middle Heian period. She is the author of . Name Sei Shōnagon's actual given name is not known. It was the custom amon ...
, and many anthologies of '' waka'' poems.


Conflated definitions

The term ''"Dairi"'' refers not only to the buildings in which the Japanese Imperial family resided; it also refers indirectly to the women of the Imperial family (the Kōkyū), to the Imperial court of Japan, or as an indirect (now archaic) way of referring to the Emperor himself. The names of the several gates in the walls surrounding the Imperial grounds refer not only to the specific wall-openings themselves; these names were also used to refer indirectly to a nearby residence of an empress whose husband had abdicated, or as an indirect way of referring to the Empress Dowager herself, e.g., , whose official home, after the abdication and death of Emperor Takakura, was located near the Kenrei Gate. In this same way, the term ''kōkyū'' has multiple meanings, referring to the group of buildings situated near the sovereign's personal apartments where the consorts resided, and also describing the staff of female palace officials assigned to the service of those consorts. More broadly, the term ''kōkyū'' could be used in identifying the array of consorts below the empress.Lebra, p. 219.


Structure

The structure of the royal household and ranks for court ladies were defined in
Taihō Code The was an administrative reorganisation enacted in 703 in Japan, at the end of the Asuka period. It was historically one of the . It was compiled at the direction of Prince Osakabe, Fujiwara no Fuhito and Awata no Mahito. Nussbaum, Louis- ...
and Yōrō Code. In these Codes, there were originally to have been twelve sections, and the various ranks for ladies' of the Imperial household within the Kōkyū were defined. Fine distinctions were collapsed or expanded in a gradual re-organization which became formalized during the Heian period. For example, in 806, Emperor Heizei elevated the former Fujiwara no Tarashiko (藤原帯子) (?-794), also known as Taishi, by giving her the Imperial title of '' Kōgō'' or empress. This occurred 12 years after her death, and it became the first time this posthumously elevated rank was bestowed. Many of the court ranks which were not defined in either the Taihō or Yōrō Codes have been in continuous use in the centuries following the early Heian period.


Imperial Wives and Imperial Women's Titles

* Emperor's Wives ** 1 Empress (''Kōgō;'' 皇后): also called ''Kōkōgō'' (皇后宮).Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). ''Annales des empereurs du japon'', p. 424. ** 1 Empress Consort (''Chūgū;'' 中宮): Originally this word meant the Palace where the Empress Consort lived. Since Emperor Ichijō had two Empress Consorts, one of his Empress Consorts was called this word. ** 2 Consorts (''Hi;'' 妃): Collapsed since the Heian period. Princesses could be appointed. ** 3 Madames (''Fujin;'' 夫人): Collapsed since the Heian period. ** 4 Beauties (''Hin;'' 嬪): Collapsed since the Heian period. ** Court Ladies (''Nyōgo;'' 女御): Not defined in Codes. Daughters of Ministers could be appointed. ** Court Attendant (''Koui;'' 更衣): Not defined in Codes. * Other Imperial Women ** 1 Empress Dowager (''Kōtaigō;'' 皇太后): Empress Mother (including mother-in-law of Emperor), Empress Dowager, or the former Empress Consort; also called ''Kōtaikōgō'' (皇太皇后). ** 1 Grand Empress Dowager (''Tai-Kōtaigō;'' 太皇太后): the former Empress Dowager, also called ''Tai-Kōtaikōgō'' (太皇太皇后). ** ''Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō'' (准三宮/准三后): ''Kōgō'', ''Kōtaigō'', and ''Tai-Kōtaigō'' are called ''Sangū/Sangō'' (三宮/三后). ''Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō'' means quasi-''Sangū/Sangō''. ''Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō'' got the subequal treatment with ''Sangū/Sangō''. Consorts and princesses, as well as Ministers or high-ranking monks, became ''Ju-Sangū/Ju-Sangō''. ** ''Nyoin/Nyōin'' (女院): Wives of the former Emperors or princesses who could receive the same treatment as Daijō Tennō (In, 院).


Court Ladies

Kōkyū Jūni-Shi (後宮十二司) * ''Naishi-no-Tsukasa'' (内侍司) got involved Imperial ceremonies and communication between Emperor and court officials. They also keep ''Ummei-den'' (温明殿) called ''Naishi-dokoro'' (内侍所) where the sacred mirror (神鏡) was enshrined. ** ''Naishi-no-Kami'' (尚侍) (2 people): Head of Naishi-no-Tsukasa. Usually daughters of Ministers could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor, or wives of Crown Prince. ** ''Naishi-no-Suke'' (典侍) (4 people): Usually daughters of Dainagon and Chūnagon could be appointed. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor. The nurses of Emperors were also appointed. ** ''Naishi-no-Jō/Naishi'' (掌侍/内侍) (4 people). The following 11 sections were collapsed in the early Heian period. * ''Kura-no-Tsukasa'' (蔵司) treated Imperial treasures. * ''Fumi-no-Tsukasa'' (書司) treated literary tool and books. * ''Kusuri-no-Tsukasa'' (薬司) treated medicine. * ''Tsuwamono-no-Tsukasa'' (兵司) treated arms. * ''Mikado-no-Tsukasa'' (闈司) got involved opening and closing the gates. * ''Tonomori-no-Tsukasa'' (殿司) treated fuel. * ''Kanimori-no-Tsukasa'' (掃司) got involved cleaning. * ''Moitori-no-Tsukasa'' (水司) treated water and rice gruel. * ''Kashiwade-no-Tsukasa'' (膳司) treated meals. * ''Sake-no-Tsukasa'' (酒司) treated liquor. * ''Nui-no-Tsukasa'' (縫司) treated clothes. Other Titles *''Mikushige-dono-no- Bettō'' (御匣殿別当): Head of Mikushige-dono where clothes of Emperor were treated. Some of them were the concubines of Emperor. *''Nyo-kurōdo'' (女蔵人) got involved Imperial ceremonies. *''Uneme'' (采女): Lower-grade court lady from countries.


Ministry of the Imperial Household

The Imperial court hierarchy during the Asuka,
Nara The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government within the executive branch, charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It is also task ...
and
Heian The Japanese word Heian (平安, lit. "peace") may refer to: * Heian period, an era of Japanese history * Heian-kyō, the Heian-period capital of Japan that has become the present-day city of Kyoto * Heian series, a group of karate kata (forms) * ...
periods encompassed a . The origin of the current
Imperial Household Agency The (IHA) is an agency of the government of Japan in charge of state matters concerning the Imperial House of Japan, Imperial Family, and the keeping of the Privy Seal of Japan, Privy Seal and State Seal of Japan. From around the 8th century ...
can be traced back to the provisions on the government structure which were put into effect during the reign of Emperor Monmu. There were specific ''
Daijō-kan The , also known as the Great Council of State, was (i) (''Daijō-kan'') the highest organ of Japan's premodern Imperial government under the Ritsuryō legal system during and after the Nara period or (ii) (''Dajō-kan'') the highest organ of Jap ...
'' officials within this ministry structure whose attention was focused primarily on the women of the Imperial household. These were: * . No male physician would be permitted to care for the health of the emperor's women.Titsingh, p. 434. * .Titsingh, p. 435. * . * .


See also

*
Heian Palace The was the original imperial palace of (present-day Kyoto), then the capital of Japan. Both the palace and the city were constructed in the late 700s and were patterned on Ancient Chinese urban planning, Chinese models and designs. The palace ...
*
Kuge The was a Japanese Aristocracy (class), aristocratic Social class, class that dominated the Japanese Imperial Court in Kyoto. The ''kuge'' were important from the establishment of Kyoto as the capital during the Heian period in the late 8th ce ...
* Japanese empresses * List of ''Nyoin''


Notes


References

* Asai, Torao. (1985). ''Nyokan Tsūkai''. Tokyo: Kōdansha. * Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. (1995). ''Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility''. Berkeley:
University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty ...
. * Shirane, Haruo and Tomi Suzuki. (2000). ''Inventing the Classics: Modernity, National Identity, and Japanese Literature.'' Stanford:
Stanford University Press Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University. It is one of the oldest academic presses in the United States and the first university press to be established on the West Coast. It is currently a member of the Ass ...
. * Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652">Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/ iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652 ''Nipon o daï itsi ran">Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652">Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652 ''Nipon o daï itsi ran''; ou
''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society">Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland {{DEFAULTSORT:Kokyu Japanese historical terms Imperial residences in Japan Women's quarters