Kummanni was the name of the main center of the

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

n kingdom of

Kizzuwatna Kizzuwatna (or Kizzuwadna; in Ancient Egyptian ''Kode'' or ''Qode'') was an ancient Anatolian kingdom, attested in written sources from the end of the 16th century BC onwards, but though its origins are still obscure, the Middle Bronze Age in Cili ...

. Its location is uncertain, but it may have been near the classical settlement of Comana in

Cappadocia Cappadocia (; , from ) is a historical region in Central Anatolia region, Turkey. It is largely in the provinces of Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. Today, the touristic Cappadocia Region is located in Nevşehir ...

. Recent research also proposed as a location

Sirkeli Höyük Sirkeli Höyük is one of the largest tells (settlement mounds) of Cilicia with an area of approximately 80 ha. (The distance between Comana and Cilicia is not that great.) Kummanni was the major cult center of the

Hurrian The Hurrians (; ; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age. They spoke the Hurro-Urartian language, Hurrian language, and lived throughout northern Syria (region) ...

chief deity,

Tešup Teshub was the Hurrians, Hurrian weather god, as well as the head of the Hurrian pantheon. The etymology of his name is uncertain, though it is agreed it can be classified as linguistically Hurrian language, Hurrian. Both Phonetics, phonetic and L ...

. Its Hurrian name Kummeni simply translates as "The Shrine." The city persisted into the

Early Iron Age The Iron Age () is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. It has also been considered as the final age of the three-age division starting with prehistory (before recorded history) and progr ...

, and appears as Kisuatni in Assyrian records. It was located in the east of Que, the successor of Kizzuwatna. The town should not be confused with

Kumme Kumme ( Akkadian Kummu or Kummum, Hittite Kummiya) was a Hurrian city, known from textual sources from both second and first millennium BCE. Its precise location is unknown, but it is mentioned in cuneiform texts from multiple other sites. It mig ...

, a holy city for Assyrians and Urarteans, located in the highlands between Assyria and

Urartu Urartu was an Iron Age kingdom centered around the Armenian highlands between Lake Van, Lake Urmia, and Lake Sevan. The territory of the ancient kingdom of Urartu extended over the modern frontiers of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Armenia.Kleiss, Wo ...

. It is also sometimes proposed that in Hittite times there were two Kummanna's, one in the north and one in the south, corresponding to the two ancient sites (Κόμανα). The name belongs to

Luwian Luwian (), sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from ''Luwiya'' (also spelled ''Luwia'' or ''Luvia'') – ...

''kummaya'' ('pure, holy').

References

*Ernest René Lacheman, Martha A. Morrison, David I. Owen, ''General studies and excavations at Nuzi 9/1'', 1987, {{ISBN, 978-0-931464-08-9, p. 50

*Massimiliano Forlanini, How to infer Ancient Roads and Intineraries from heterogenous Hittite Texts: The Case of the Cilician (Kizzuwatnean) Road System, KASKAL 10, 2013, 1–34. *Mirko Novák and Susanne Rutishauser, Kizzuwatna: Archaeology, in: M. Weeden und L.Z. Ullmann (ed.), Hittite Landscape and Geography, Leiden 2017, 134–145. Hurrian cities Kizzuwatna Holy cities Archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region, Turkey History of Adana Province