was a Japanese moral

philosopher Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

, philosopher of mathematics and science, and religious scholar. He was the founder of what has been called the Kyoto School of philosophy. He graduated from the

University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo (, abbreviated as in Japanese and UTokyo in English) is a public research university in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1877 as the nation's first modern university by the merger of several pre-westernisation era ins ...

during the

Meiji period The was an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868, to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonizatio ...

in 1894 with a degree in

philosophy Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, Value (ethics and social sciences), value, mind, and language. It is a rational an ...

. He was named

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other tertiary education, post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin ...

of the Fourth Higher School in

Ishikawa Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island. Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,096,721 (1 January 2025) and has a geographic area of 4,186 Square kilometre, km2 (1,616 sq mi). Ishikawa Pr ...

in 1899 and later became professor of philosophy at

Kyoto University , or , is a National university, national research university in Kyoto, Japan. Founded in 1897, it is one of the former Imperial Universities and the second oldest university in Japan. The university has ten undergraduate faculties, eighteen gra ...

. Nishida retired in 1927. In 1940, he was awarded the

Order of Culture The is a Japanese Order (decoration), order, established on February 11, 1937. The order has one class only, and may be awarded to men and women for contributions to Japanese Art, Japan's art, Japanese Literature, literature, science, technolog ...

(文化勲章, ''bunka kunshō''). He participated in establishing the Chiba Institute of Technology (千葉工業大学) from 1940. Nishida Kitarō died at the age of 75 of a

renal In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation. They are located on the left and right in the retrop ...

infection An infection is the invasion of tissue (biology), tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host (biology), host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmis ...

. His cremated remains were divided in three and buried at different locations. Part of his remains were buried in the Nishida family grave in his birthplace Unoke, Ishikawa. A second grave can be found at Tōkei-ji Temple in

Kamakura , officially , is a city of Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. It is located in the Kanto region on the island of Honshu. The city has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 people per km2 over the tota ...

, where his friend D. T. Suzuki organized Nishida's funeral and was later also buried in the adjacent plot. Nishida's third grave is at Reiun'in (霊雲院, ''Reiun'in''), a

temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...

in the Myōshin-ji compound in

Kyoto Kyoto ( or ; Japanese language, Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan's largest and most populous island of Honshu. , the city had a population of 1.46 million, making it t ...

Philosophy

Being born in the third year of the

, Nishida was presented with a new, unique opportunity to contemplate Eastern philosophical issues in the fresh light that

Western philosophy Western philosophy refers to the Philosophy, philosophical thought, traditions and works of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of the Pre ...

shone on them. Nishida's original and creative philosophy, incorporating ideas of

Zen Zen (; from Chinese: ''Chán''; in Korean: ''Sŏn'', and Vietnamese: ''Thiền'') is a Mahayana Buddhist tradition that developed in China during the Tang dynasty by blending Indian Mahayana Buddhism, particularly Yogacara and Madhyamaka phil ...

and Western philosophy, was aimed at bringing the East and West closer. Throughout his lifetime, Nishida published a number of books and essays including '' An Inquiry into the Good'' and ''The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview''. Taken as a whole, Nishida's life work was the foundation for the Kyoto School of philosophy and the inspiration for the original thinking of his disciples. One of the most famous concepts in Nishida's philosophy is the logic of ''basho'' (Japanese: 場所; usually translated as "place" or "

topos In mathematics, a topos (, ; plural topoi or , or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally, on a site). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and possess a notio ...

"), a non-dualistic concrete logic, meant to overcome the inadequacy of the subject-object distinction essential to the subject logic of

Aristotle Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, a ...

and the predicate logic of

Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German Philosophy, philosopher and one of the central Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works ...

, through the affirmation of what he calls the "absolutely contradictory self-identity", a dynamic tension of opposites that, unlike the dialectical logic of G.W.F. Hegel, does not resolve in a synthesis. Rather, it defines its proper subject by maintaining the tension between affirmation and negation as opposite poles or perspectives. In David A. Dilworth's survey of Nishida's works, he did not mention the debut book, '' An Inquiry into the Good''. There, Nishida writes about experience, reality, good and religion. He argues that the most profound form of experience is the pure experience. Nishida analyzes the thought, the will, the intellectual intuition, and the pure experience among them. According to Nishida's vision as well as to the essence of Asian wisdom, one craves harmony in experience, for unity.

Legacy

According to Masao Abe, "During

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

right-wing thinkers attacked him as antinationalistic for his appreciation of

and logic. But after the war left-wing thinkers criticized his philosophy as nationalistic because of his emphasis on the traditional notion of ''

nothingness Nothing, no-thing, or no thing is the complete absence of ''anything'', as the opposite of ''something'' and an antithesis of everything. The concept of nothing has been a matter of philosophical debate since at least the 5th century BCE. Earl ...

''. He recognized a kind of universality in Western philosophy and logic but did not accept that it was the only universality." Nishida considered God “indispensable and decisive”.

List of works

''Collected Works'' ��田幾多郎全集 2nd ed. ( Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 2003–20), 25 Vols. ereafter NKZ ''Selected Philosophical Essays'' ��田幾多郎哲学論集 (Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1987–89), 3 Vols. ereafter SPE* '' An Inquiry into the Good'' ��の研究(Kōdōkan ��道館 January 1911), reprinted in NKZ1. * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 1'' ��索と体験(Senshōkan ��章館 March 1915), reprinted in NKZ1. :* ‘On the Claims of Pure Logicists in Epistemology’ ��識論における純論理派の主張について(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 2
No. 8
an
No. 9
August–September 1911). :* ‘Laws’ ��則(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 300
February 1912). :* ‘Logical Understanding and Mathematical Understanding’ ��理の理解と数理の理解(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 3
No. 9
September 1912). :* ‘Natural Sciences and the Study of History” ��然科学と歴史学(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 319
September 1913). :* ‘Response to Takahashi Satomi’s Criticisms of My ''An Inquiry into the Good''’ ��橋文学士の拙著『善の研究』に対する批評に答う(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 308
September 1912). :* ‘

Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; ; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the S ...

’s Philosophical Method’ ��ルグソンの哲学的方法論(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 1
No. 8
August 1910). :* ‘

’s Pure Duration’ ��ルグソンの純粋持続''Kyōiku Gakujutsu Kai'' ��育学術界 Vo. 24
No. 2
November 1911). :* ‘Contemporary Philosophy’ ��代の哲学(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 1
April 1916). ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘ Cohen’s Pure Knowledge’ ��ーヘンの純粋意識(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 7
No. 8
August 1916). ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘

Lotze Lotze is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Hermann Lotze (1817–1881), German philosopher and logician * Hiltrud Lotze (born 1958), German politician See also * Lotte (name) Lotte is a female given name. It is a diminutive ...

’s Metaphysics’ ��ッツェの形而上学(''Lotze'', Hōbunkan ��文館br>May 1917
. ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘

Poincaré Poincaré is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (, ; ; 29 April 185417 July 1912) was a French mathematician, Theoretical physics, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philos ...

as Epistemologist’ ��識論者としてのアンリ・ポアンカレ(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 3
No. 10
October 1912). ::: Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922 but restored in the 3rd edition of 1937. :* ‘On

Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy Tolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; ,Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as using pre-reform Russian orthography. ; ), usually referr ...

’ ��ルストイについて(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 2
No. 1
January 1911). :* ‘ Gutoku Shinran’ ��禿親鸞(''Shūsokan'' ��祖観 April 1911). :* ‘Preface to Tanabe Ryuji, '' Koizumi Yakumo''’ ��小泉八雲伝』の序(Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu ��稲田大学出版部br>April 1914
. :* ‘Preface to Fujioka Sakutarō, ''Lectures on the History of Japanese Literature''’ ��国文学史講話』の序(Kaiseikan ��成館br>March 1908
. :* ‘Preface to

Henri Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; ; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopher who was influential in the traditions of analytic philosophy and continental philosophy, especially during the first half of the 20th century until the S ...

, ''Matter and Memory''’ ��物質と記憶』の序文(trans. Takahashi Satomi, Seibunkan ��文館br>February 1914
. ::: Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922. * ''Modern Idealist Philosophy'' ��代における理想主義の哲学(Kōdōkan ��道館br>May 1917
, reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘Subjectivism’ ��観主義 :* ‘Objectivism’ ��観主義 :* ‘A Historical Overview of Idealist Philosophy’ ��想主義哲学の史的概観 :* ‘The School of

Neo-Kantianism In late modern philosophy, neo-Kantianism () was a revival of the 18th-century philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The neo-Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant's theories, particularly his concept of the thing-in-itself and his moral philosophy ...

’ ��カント学派 :* ‘The School of Brentano’ ��レンタノ学派 :* ‘Philosophy of Pure Experience ��粋経験の哲学 * ''Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness'' ��覚における直観と反省(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>October 1917
, reprinted in NKZ2. :: Originally published as a serial in ''Geibun'' ��文(September 1913 to March 1916) which was continued in ''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究(October 1916 to May 1917). :* §§1-3 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 4
No. 9
September 1913). :* §§4-6 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 4
No. 11
November 1913). :* §§7-8 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 5
No. 3
March 1914). :* §§9-10 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 5
No. 8
August 1914). :* §§11-13 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 5
No. 11
November 1914). :* §§14-15 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 6
No. 1
January 1915). :* §§16-17 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 6
No. 3
March 1915). :* §§18-20 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 6
No. 6
June 1915). :* §§21-23 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 6
No. 12
December 1915). :* §§24-26 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 7
No. 1
January 1916). :* §§27-29 (''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 7
No. 3
March 1916). :* §§30-32 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 7
October 1916). :* §§33-36 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 8
November 1916). :* §§37-38 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 9
December 1916). :* §39 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 10
January 1917). :* §§40-41 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 11
February 1917). :* §42 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 13
April 1917). :* §§43-44 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 14
May 1917). * ''Problems of Consciousness'' ��識の問題(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>January 1920
, reprinted in NKZ2. :* ‘What Consciousness Means’ ��識とは何を意味するか(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 22
January 1918). :* ‘Sensation’ ��覚(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 27
June 1918). :* ‘Feeling’ ��情(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 28
July 1918). :* ‘The True Meaning of Symbols’ ��徴の真意義(''Shichō'' ��潮 March 1918). :* ‘Will’ ��志(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 9
September 1918). :* ‘The Various Continuities of the Content of Experience’ ��験内容の種々なる連続(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 35
an
No. 36
February–March 1919). :* ‘The Place of the Realisation of the Will’ ��志実現の場所(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 10
No. 4
April 1919). :* ‘The Content of the Will’ ��志の内容(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 38
an
No. 39
May–June 1919). :* ‘On Relations’ ��係について(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 6
June 1919). :* ‘On the Degrees of Consciousness’ ��識の明暗について(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 42
September 1919). :* ‘The Concept of the Individual’ ��体概念(''Shirin'' ��林 Vol. 4
No. 1
January 1919). :* ‘

Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (or Leibnitz; – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who is credited, alongside Sir Isaac Newton, with the creation of calculus in addition to many ...

’s Ontological Proof’ ��イプニッツの本体論的証明(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 1
January 1918). * ''Art and Morality'' ��術と道徳(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>July 1923
, reprinted in NKZ3. :* ‘The Essence of Beauty’ ��の本質(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 48
an
No. 49
March–April 1920). :* ‘

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmakin ...

’s ''Painting and Drawing''’ ��ックス・クリンゲルの『絵画と線画』の中から(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 11
No. 10
October 1920). :* ‘The Content of Feeling and the Content of the Will’ ��情の内容と意志の内容(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 61
April 1921). :* ‘The World of Objects of Reflective Judgement’ ��省的判断の対象界(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 12
No. 11
November 1921). :* ‘The Intersection of the True, the Good and the Beautiful’ ��善美の合一点(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 66
September 1921). :* ‘Society and the Individual’ ��会と個人(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 73
April 1922). :* ‘Consciousness of Acts’ ��用の意識(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 13
No. 9
an
No. 10
September to October 1922). :* ‘The Acting Subject’ ��為的主観(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 78
September 1923). :* ‘The Will and Syllogism’ ��志と推論式(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 12
September 1922). :* ‘The Beautiful and the Good’ ��と善(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 78
September 1922). :* ‘Law and Morality’ ��と道徳(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 83
February 1923). :* ‘The True and the Beautiful’ ��と美(''Kaizō'' ��造 February 1923). :* ‘The True and the Good’ ��と善(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 18
March 1923). * ''From the Actor to the Seer'' ��くものから見るものへ(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>October 1927
, reprinted in NKZ3. :* ‘The Immediately Given’ ��接に与えられるもの(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 90
September 1923), reprinted in SPE1:37-66. :* ‘Intuition and Will’ ��観と意志(''Kōza'' ��座br>November 1923
. :* ‘What Lies Behind Physical Phenomena’ ��理現象の背後にあるもの(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 27
January 1924). :* ‘On Internal Perception’ ��部知覚について(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 96No. 102
an
No. 103
March–October 1924). :* ‘Acts of Expression’ ��現作用(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 41
March 1925). :* ‘The Actor’ ��くもの(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 115
October 1925). :* ‘Place’ ��所(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 123
June 1926), reprinted in SPE1:67-151. :* ‘Response to Dr. Sōda Ki’ichirō’ ��右田博士に答う(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 133
April 1927), reprinted in SPE1:153-187. :: In response to Sōda’s ‘On the Method of Nishida’s Philosophy: A Request to Professor Nishida for Clarification’ ��田哲学の方法について——西田博士の教を乞う(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 127
October 1926). :* ‘The Knower’ ��るもの(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 70
an
No. 71
August–September 1927). * ''The System of Universals According to Self-Consciousness'' ��般者の自覚的体系(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>January 1930
, reprinted in NKZ4. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the So-Called World of Objects of Knowledge’ ��わゆる認識対象界の論理的構造(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 145
April 1928). ::: Nishida is referring to »die Welt der Erkenntnisgegenstände«. :* ‘Logicism of the Predicate’ ��語的論理主義(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 78
April 1928). :* ‘The Place of That Which Sees Itself and the Place of Consciousness’ ��己自身を見るもののおいてある場所と意識の場所(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 148
July 1928). :* ‘The Intelligible World’ ��智的世界(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 151
October 1928), reprinted in SPE1:189-253. :* ‘Intuitive Knowledge’ ��観的知識(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 154
January 1929). :* ‘The Relationship Between Being and What Lies Behind Being in the Self-Conscious Universal’ ��覚的一般者においてあるもの及びそれとその背後にあるものとの関係(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 83No. 84
an
No. 85
April–June 1929). :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Universal’ ��般者の自己限定(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 88
an
No. 89
September–October 1929). * ''The Determination of the Nothing by Self-Consciousness'' ��の自覚的限定(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>December 1932
, reprinted in NKZ5. :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Expressive Self’ ��現的自己の自己限定(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 172
an
No. 173
July–August 1930). :* ‘Acts of Consciousness as the Self-Determination of Place’ ��所の自己限定としての意識作用(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 100
September 1930). :* ‘What I Call the Self-Conscious Determination of the Absolute Nothing’ ��の絶対無の自覚的限定というもの(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 105
an
No. 106
February–March 1931). :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Eternal Now’ ��遠の今の自己限定(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 184
July 1931). :* ‘The Temporal and the Atemporal’ ��間的なるもの及び非時間的なるもの(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 112
September 1931). :* ‘Love of the Self, Love of the Other and the Dialectic’ ��愛と他愛及び弁証法(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 191
an
No. 192
February–March 1932). :* ‘Free Will’ ��由意志(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 120
May 1932). :* ‘I and Thou’ ��と汝(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'' ��波講座哲学br>July 1932
an
September 1932
, reprinted in SPE1:265-355. :* ‘On the

Philosophy of Life (; meaning "philosophy of life") was a dominant philosophical movement of German-speaking countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had developed out of German Romanticism. emphasised the meaning of life, meaning, value and pur ...

’ ��の哲学について(''Risō'' ��想 October 1932). * ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 1: The World of Action'' ��学の根本問題——行為の世界(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>December 1933
, reprinted in NKZ6. :* ‘Prolegomena to Metaphysics’ ��而上学序論(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'' ��波講座哲学br>February 1933
. :* ‘I and the World’ ��と世界(previously unpublished, begun in April 1933). * ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 2: The Dialectical World'' ��学の根本問題続編——弁証法的世界(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>October 1934
, reprinted in NKZ6. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 140No. 141
an
No. 142
January–March 1934). :* ‘The World as a Dialectical Universal’ ��証法的一般者としての世界(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 219No. 220
an
No. 221
June–August 1935), reprinted in SPE2:37-172. :* ‘Cultural Forms of the Ancient East and West as Viewed from the Standpoint of Metaphysics’ ��而上学的立場から見た東西古代の文化形態(previously unpublished). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 1: Plans for a System of Philosophy'' ��学論文集第1——哲学体系への企図(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>November 1935
, reprinted in NKZ7. :* ‘The World’s Self-Identity and Continuity’ ��界の自己同一と連続(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 152No. 153
an
No. 154
January–March 1935). :* ‘The Standpoint of Active Intuition’ ��為的直観の立場(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 158No. 159
an
No. 160
July–September 1935). * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 2'' �� 思索と体験(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>May 1937
, reprinted in NKZ7. :* ‘Remaining Problems of Consciousness’ ��残されたる意識の問題(in ''Festschrift for Tokunō Bun'' ��能博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>July 1926
. :* ‘Anthropology’ ��間学(in ''Festschrift for Tomonaga Sanjūrō'' ��永博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>August 1930
. :* ‘History’ ��史(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'' ��波講座哲学br>November 1931
. :* ‘Hegel’s Dialectic as Seen from My Standpoint’ ��の立場から見たヘーゲルの弁証法(in ''Hegel and Hegelianism'' ��ーゲルとヘーゲル主義 Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>February 1931
. :* ‘On Pedagogy’ ��育学について(previously unpublished, finished in February 1933). :* ‘‘Being’ in Greek Philosophy’ ��リシャ哲学においての「有るもの」(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'' ��波講座世界思潮br>Vol. 3
April 1928). :* ‘Self-Consciousness in

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430) was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. His writings deeply influenced the development of Western philosop ...

’ ��ウグスチヌスの自覚(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'' ��波講座世界思潮br>Vol. 7
July 1928). :* ‘The Essence of Platonic Ideas’ ��ラトンのイデヤの本質(''Girisha-Raten Kōza'' ��リシャ・ラテン講座 July 1931). :* ‘My Thoughts on French Philosophy’ ��ランス哲学についての感想(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 176
January 1937). :* ‘

Bolzano Bolzano ( ; ; or ) is the capital city of South Tyrol (officially the province of Bolzano), Northern Italy. With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third largest in historical Tyrol. The ...

’s Autobiography’ ��ルツァーノの自伝(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 80
November 1922). :* ‘

Abel Abel ( ''Hébel'', in pausa ''Hā́ḇel''; ''Hábel''; , ''Hābēl'') is a biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within the Abrahamic religions. Born as the second son of Adam and Eve, the first two humans created by God in Judaism, God, he ...

the Mathematician’ ��学者アーベル(''

Asahi Shimbun is a Japanese daily newspaper founded in 1879. It is one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan. The ''Asahi Shimbun'' is one of the five largest newspapers in Japan along with the ''Yom ...

'', September 1933). :* ‘

Goethe Johann Wolfgang (von) Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath who is widely regarded as the most influential writer in the German language. His work has had a wide-ranging influence on Western literature, literary, Polit ...

’s Background’ ��ーテの背景(''Goethe-Jahrbuch'' ��ーテ年鑑br>Vol. 1
May 1932). :* ‘The Beauty of Writing’ ��の美(previously unpublished, finished in May 1930). :* ‘The Flexibility of National Language’ ��語の自在性(''Kokugo'' ��語 January 1936). :* ‘The Objectivity of Knowledge’ ��識の客観性(''Kaizō'' ��造 February 1933). :* ‘Reminiscences of the Fourth Higher School’ ��高の思出(''Shikō Dōsōkaihō'', April 1927). :* ‘The Retirement Speech of a Certain Professor’ ��る教授の退職の辞(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 83
April 1929). :* ‘A Poem on

’ ��倉雑詠(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 84
May 1929). :* ‘Two Translated Poems’ ��詩(''The Muse'', August 1928 and September 1929). :: The poems translated by Nishida here are

’s ‘Mignon’ and Browning’s ‘Home Thoughts from the Sea’. :* ‘A Fireside Chat’ ��炉の側から(''The Muse'', February 1931). :* ‘My Copy of the Song Era Erya’ ��影宋本爾雅後(previously unpublished, finished in May 1933). :* ‘Songs and Poems’ ��并詩(previously unpublished, composed between 1920 and 1935). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 2'' ��学論文集第2(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1937), reprinted in NKZ8. :* ‘Logic and Life’ ��理と生命(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 170No. 171
an
No. 172
July–September 1936), reprinted in SPE2:173-300. :* ‘Praxis and the Knowledge of Objects: The Place of Knowledge in the Historical World’ ��践と対象認識——歴史的世界においての認識の立場 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 252No. 253
an
No. 254
March–May 1937). :* ‘Problems of Species Formation and Development’ ��の生成発展の問題(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 182
July 1937). :* ‘Active Intuition’ ��為的直観(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 183
August 1937), reprinted in SPE2:301-331. * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 3'' ��学論文集第3(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1939), reprinted in NKZ8. :* ‘Human Existence’ ��間的存在 (''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 190
March 1938), reprinted in SPE2:333-400. :* ‘The Standpoint of the Individual in the Historical World’ ��史的世界においての個物の立場(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 195
an
No. 196
August–September 1938). :* ‘Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity’ ��対矛盾的自己同一(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 202
March 1939), reprinted in SPE3:7-84. :* ‘The Science of Experience’ ��験科学(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 207
August 1939). * ''Problems of Japanese Culture'' ��本文化の問題(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 March 1940), reprinted in NKZ9. * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 4'' ��学論文集第4(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>November 1941
, reprinted in NKZ9. :* ‘Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ ��践哲学序論(''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' ��波講座倫理学br>Vol. 2
August 1940). :* ‘ Poiēsis and Praxis: An Appendix to the Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ ��イエシスとプラクシス——実践哲学序論補説(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 223
December 1940). :* ‘Artistic Creation as Historical Acts of Formation’ ��史的形成作用としての芸術的創作(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 228
an
No. 229
May-June 1941), reprinted in SPE3:85-176. :* ‘The Problem of '' Raison d’État''’ ��家理由の問題(''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' ��波講座倫理学br>Vol. 8
September 1941). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 5'' ��学論文集第5(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>August 1944
, reprinted in NKZ9. :* ‘On the Objectivity of Knowledge: A New Foundation for Epistemology’ ��識の客観性について——新たなる知識論の基盤(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 248
an
No. 249
January–February 1943). :* ‘On Self-Consciousness: Laying the Foundation for the Preceding Essay’ ��覚について——前論文の基礎付け(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 252
an
No. 253
May–June 1943), reprinted in SPE3:177-267. * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 6'' ��学論文集第6(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 December 1945), reprinted in NKZ10. :* ‘The World of Physics’ ��理の世界(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 260
January 1944). :* ‘Logic and Mathematics’ ��理と数理(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 262
March 1944). :* ‘Towards a Philosophy of Religion with the Concept of Pre-Established Harmony as Guide’ ��定調和を手引きとして宗教哲学へ(''Shisō'' ��想
No. 264
May–June 1944). :* ‘On Cartesian Philosophy’ ��カルト哲学について(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 265
July 1944), reprinted in SPE3:269-298. :* ‘Tradition’ ��統(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 256
September 1943). :* ‘Space’ ��間(previously unpublished, finished in July 1944). :* ‘Laying the Philosophical Foundations of Mathematics’ ��学の哲学的基礎付け(previously unpublished, composed between December 1944 and January 1945). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 7'' ��学論文集第7(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 February 1946), reprinted in NKZ10. :* ‘Life’ ��命(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 267
an
No. 268
October 1944–August 1945). :* ‘The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview’ ��所的論理と宗教的世界観(previously unpublished, composed between February and April 1945), reprinted in SPE3:299-397. * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 3'' ��続思索と体験』以後(Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 March 1948), reprinted in NKZ10. * Shorter Writings, reprinted in NKZ11 :* ‘An Outline of

Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a com ...

’s Ethics’ ��リーン氏倫理哲学の大意(''Kyōiku Jiron'', Nos. 362–4, May 1895), reprinted in NKZ11. ::: Nishida’s first published work. :* ‘ Hume’s Law of Causation’ ��ュームの因果法 :* ‘Debating the Existence of Innate Knowledge’ ��天智識の有無を論ず :* ‘My Thoughts on Yamamoto Yasunosuke’s Essay ‘Religion and Reason’’ ��本安之助君の「宗教と理性」という論文を読みて所感を述ぶ :* ‘An Explication of the Beautiful’ ��の説明 :* ‘ Benedictus Spinoza’ ��ネヂクトス、スピノーザ :* ‘ Kantianism in Ethics’ ��ント倫理学主義 :* ‘On Contemporary Religion’ ��今の宗教について :* ‘The School of Self-Consciousness’ ��覚主義 :* ‘My Contribution to ''Recommended Books for Edification''’ ��静修書目答問』への回答 :* ‘The Essence of Religion’ ��教の本質 :* ‘ Jakob Boehme’ ��コッブ、ベーメ :* ‘The Inside and the Outside of the Soul’ ��の中と外 :* ‘Miscellaneous Thoughts’ ��感 :* ‘An Apology for Philosophy’ ��学のアポロジー :* ‘Reading’ ��書 :* ‘On the So-Called Japaneseness’ ��本的ということについて :* ‘On Reading Tanaka Ōdō’s Review’ ��中王堂君の批評を読みて :* ‘

’s Theory of

Trinity The Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the Christian doctrine concerning the nature of God, which defines one God existing in three, , consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, thr ...

’ ��ウグスチヌスの三位一体論 :* ‘The World of Objects of Art’ ��術の対象界 :* ‘On Contemporary Idealism’ ��今の理想主義について :* ‘ Russell as a Scholar’ ��者としてのラッスル :* ‘The Meaning of My Voluntarism’ ��の主意主義の意味 :* ‘Explanation of Philosophical Terms’ ��学用語解説 :* ‘After the Great Earthquake’ ��震災の後に * Lectures :* ‘Modern Idealist Philosophy’ ��代における理想主義の哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘ Fichte’s Philosophy’ ��イヒテの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘ Cohen’s Philosophy’ ��ーヘンの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘

Plato Plato ( ; Greek language, Greek: , ; born BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical Greece, Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the writte ...

’s Philosophy’ ��ラトンの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Concept of Personality as the Ground of Reality’ ��在の根柢としての人格概念 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The World of Action’ ��為の世界 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Body as Historical’ ��史的身体 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘Problems of Japanese Culture’ ��本文化の問題 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication Between Pure Experiences’ ��粋経験相互の関係および連絡について reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Anti-Natural-Scientific Thought’ ��自然科学的思想 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Contemporary Spiritualism’ ��今の唯心論 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Concept of Scientific Truth in Contemporary Philosophy’ ��代哲学における科学的真理の概念 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Contemporary Idealism’ ��今の理想主義 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘''Coincidentia oppositorum'' and Love’ oincidentia oppositorumと愛 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Standpoint of Religion’ ��教の立場 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘ Eckhart’s Mysticism and the Life at Ittōen’ ��ックハルトの神秘説と一燈園生活 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘What I Call the Universal of Judgement’ ��の判断的一般者というもの reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Life, Reality and Logic’ ��と実在と論理 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Time and Personality’ ��と人格 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Personality’ ��格について reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘My Philosophical Position and Method’ ��の哲学の立場と方法 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Traditionalism’ ��統主義について reprinted in NKZ13. * Lecture Notes :* ‘The Study of Religion’ ��教学(1914-15), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Leuba, ''The Psychological Study of Religion'' (1912); Starbuck, ''The Psychology of Religion'' (1899); Edward Scribner Ames, ''The Psychology of Religious Experience'' (1910); James, ''

The Varieties of Religious Experience ''The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature'' is a book by Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James. It comprises his edited Gifford Lectures on natural theology, which were delivered at the University of ...

'' (1902); Tiele, ''Grundzüge der Religionswissenschaft'' (1904); Hermann Siebeck, ''Lehrbuch der Religionsphilosophie'' (1893); and Höffding, ''Religionsphilosophie'' (1901). :* ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ ��学概論 reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida gave these introductory lectures annually while at Kyoto Imperial University. This version is based on notes from the Taishō and Shōwa era. :* ‘

’s Metaphysics’ ��リストテレスの形而上学(1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14. :* ‘

Plotinus Plotinus (; , ''Plōtînos''; – 270 CE) was a Greek Platonist philosopher, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neoplatonism. His teacher was the self-taught philosopher Ammonius ...

’ Philosophy’ ��ロチノスの哲学(1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14. :* ‘A History of Ethics in Britain’ ��国倫理学史(ca. 1904), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida breaks this history into four periods: The Beginning (

Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679) was an English philosopher, best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influential formulation of social contract theory. He is considered to be one of the founders ...

); The First Phase ( Cudworth,

Cumberland Cumberland ( ) is an area of North West England which was historically a county. The county was bordered by Northumberland to the north-east, County Durham to the east, Westmorland to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Scottish ...

, Locke); The Second Phase (

Shaftesbury Shaftesbury () is a town and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is on the A30 road, west of Salisbury, Wiltshire, Salisbury and north-northeast of Dorchester, Dorset, Dorchester, near the border with Wiltshire. It is the only significant hi ...

, Hutcheson,

Butler A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments, with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantries, pantr ...

, Hume, Smith,

Hartley Hartley may refer to: Places Australia *Hartley, New South Wales * Hartley, South Australia ** Electoral district of Hartley, a state electoral district Canada * Hartley Bay, British Columbia United Kingdom * Hartley, Cumbria * Hartley, P ...

); and The Third Phase (Intuition School:

Price A price is the (usually not negative) quantity of payment or compensation expected, required, or given by one party to another in return for goods or services. In some situations, especially when the product is a service rather than a ph ...

, Reid; Utilitarianism: Paley, Bentham,

Mill Mill may refer to: Science and technology * Factory * Mill (grinding) * Milling (machining) * Millwork * Paper mill * Steel mill, a factory for the manufacture of steel * Sugarcane mill * Textile mill * List of types of mill * Mill, the arithmetic ...

; Evolutional Ethics: Spencer). :* ‘Lectures on Psychology’ ��理学講義(1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Wundt, ''Grundriss der Psychologie'' (1896); Ziehen, ''Psychophysiologische Erkenntnistheorie'' (1898); and Külpe, ''Grundriss der Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'' (1893). :* ‘A Draft of Ethics’ ��理学草案(1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources include Sidgwick, ''Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers'' (1886);

Martineau Martineau is a surname. It is of French origin and may refer to: * Alice Martineau (1972–2003), English pop singer and songwriter * Alfred Albert Martineau (1859–1945), French Governor General * Alfred Martineau (cricketer) (1868–1940), Engl ...

, ''Types of Ethical Theory'' (1885); and

James Mackintosh Sir James Mackintosh FRS FRSE (24 October 1765 – 30 May 1832) was a Scottish jurist, Whig politician and Whig historian. His studies and sympathies embraced many interests. He was trained as a doctor and barrister, and worked also as a jo ...

, ''Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy: Chiefly During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'' (1836) :* ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ ��学概論 reprinted in NKZ15. ::: This version is based on notes from the late Meiji era, so the early incarnations of these introductory lectures. :* ‘Vorlesung 1926’, reprinted in NKZ15. :* ‘Ethics Lecture Notes’ ��理学講義ノート reprinted in NKZ25. :* ‘The Study of Religion Lecture Notes’ ��教学講義ノート reprinted in NKZ25. * Fragments and Notes, reprinted in NKZ16. * Diaries :* Diary entries from 1897 to 1912, reprinted in NKZ17. :* Diary entries from 1913 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ18. * Correspondence :* Letters from 1887 to 1920, reprinted in NKZ19. :* Letters from 1921 to 1930, reprinted in NKZ20. :* Letters from 1931 to 1936, reprinted in NKZ21. :* Letters from 1937 to 1941, reprinted in NKZ22. :* Letters from 1942 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ23. *Other :* ‘On Reality’ ��在について(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 241
March 1907), revised and reprinted in ''An Inquiry into the Good''. :* ‘A Theory of Ethics’ ��理学説(''Tōa no Hikari'' ��亜の光 Vol. 3
No. 3
an
No. 4
March-April 1908), revised and reprinted in ''An Inquiry into the Good''. :* ‘Pure Experience, Thought, Will and Intellectual Intuition’ ��粋経験と思惟、意志、および知的直観(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 258
August 1908), revised and reprinted in ''An Inquiry into the Good''. :* ‘Levels of Social Good’ ��会的善の階級(''Seikyō Shinpō'' ��教新報br>No. 666
September 1908). :* ‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication Between Pure Experiences’ ��粋経験相互の関係および連絡について(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 276
February 1910), revised and reprinted in ''An Inquiry into the Good''. :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Universal and Self-Consciousness’ ��般者の自己限定と自覚(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究br>No. 163
October 1929). :* ‘Philosophy and Education’ ��学と教育(''Iwanami Kōza: Kyōiku Kagaku'' ��波講座教育科学br>Vol. 18
March 1933).

Translated works

English

* ''An Inquiry into the Good'', trans. Masao Abe and Christopher Ives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. * "An Explanation of Beauty," trans. Steve Odin. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' vol. 42 no. 2 (1987): 211–217. * ''Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness'', trans. Valdo H. Viglielmo, Takeuchi Yoshinori and Joseph S. O'Leary. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. * ''Last Writings: Nothingness and the Religious Worldview'', trans. David Dilworth. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. ** "Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview" ** "Concerning My Logic" * ''Place and Dialectic: Two Essays by Nishida Kitaro'', trans. John W. M. Krummel and Shigenori Nagatomo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. * ''Ontology of Production: Three Essays'', trans. William Haver. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012. * ''The Unsolved Issue of Consciousness'', trans. John W. M. Krummell, in ''Philosophy East and West'' 62, no 1 (2012): 44–59.

French

* ''L’Éveil à soi'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2003, 298 p. * ''De ce qui agit à ce qui voit'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2015, 364 p. * ''Autoéveil. Le Système des universels'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Nagoya: Chisokudō Publications, 2017.

Footnotes

External links

Nishida Kitaro
at the

Encyclopædia Britannica The is a general knowledge, general-knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, ...

Nishida Kitaro
at the

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (''SEP'') is a freely available online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication ...

Nishida Kitarō Bibliography
at th
European Network of Japanese Philosophy
(ENOJP).

This article mentions Nishida's views in comparison with Derrida's.

at
the Bibliographia: An Online Journal for the History of Philosophy
' {{DEFAULTSORT:Nishida, Kitaro 1870 births 1945 deaths 19th-century Japanese philosophers 20th-century Japanese philosophers Buddhist writers Japanese scholars of Buddhism Academic staff of Keio University Kyoto School Academic staff of Kyoto University Academic staff of Nihon University Recipients of the Order of Culture Academic staff of Taisho University People from Kahoku, Ishikawa University of Tokyo alumni Writers from Ishikawa Prefecture

Philosophy

Legacy

List of works

Translated works

English

French

See also

Footnotes

Further reading

Books

English

French

Articles

External links