Kháng (), also known as Mang U’, is an Austroasiatic language of

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

. It is closely related to the Bumang language of southern

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

, China.

Classification

Paul Sidwell Paul James Sidwell is an Australian linguist based in Canberra, Australia, who has held research and lecturing positions at the Australian National University. Sidwell, who is also an expert and consultant in forensic linguistics, is most nota ...

(2014) classifies Khang as Palaungic, although Jerold Edmondson (2010) suggests it is Khmuic. Kháng is most closely related to Bumang (Edmondson 2010).

Distribution

Kháng speakers are an officially recognized ethnic group in Vietnam, and officially numbered 10,272 in 1999. The Kháng are distributed in the following districts of northwest Vietnam in Sơn La Province and Lai Châu Province: * Sơn La Province (along the Black River) ** Thuận Châu (including Bản Ná Lai village) ** Quỳnh Nhai ** Mường La * Lai Châu Province ** Phong Thổ ** Mường Tè ** Than Uyên * Điện Biên Province ** Mường Lay (alternatively Mường Chà) ** Tuần Giáo Tạ (2021) contains a phonology and word list of the Kháng dialect of Nậm Mu village, Phình Sáng commune, Tuần Giáo district, Điện Biên province.

Phonology

Additionally, the following diphthongs can be found: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/, /uɤ/. Kháng also has eight tones in total, six of which appear on "live syllables" - open syllables or syllables ending with sonorants, and the other two are limited to "dead syllables" - syllables ending in the oral stops /p t k/. Each tone also carries with it a specific register affecting the phonation of the syllable. The live syllable tones are as follows: * ˥ - high, level, modal voice * ˩ˀ- low, level, ending in a glottal stop * ˧˥ˀ- high-rising, ending in a glottal stop * ˧˩ˀ- low-falling, ending in a glottal stop * ˧˨˧ - mid-dipping, modal voice * ˨˩˨ - low-dipping, creaky voice The dead syllable tones are as follows: * ˦˧ - high-falling * ˩˨ - low-rising

References

*Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. ''Bumang yu yanjiu 布芒语研究 study of Bumang'. Beijing: Minzu University. *Ferlus, Michel. 1996
''Langues et peuples viet-muong''
iet-Muong languages and peoples '' Mon-Khmer Studies'' 26. 7–28 *Mikami, Naomitsu. 2003. "A Khang phonology and wordlist." ''Reports on Minority Languages in Mainland Southeast Asia'', ed. by Ueda Hiromi, 1–42. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Osaka: Faculty of Informatics, Osaka Gakuin University. *Schliesinger, Joachim. 1998. ''Hill tribes of Vietnam. Vol''. Vol. 2. 2 vols. Bangkok: White Lotus Co. Ltd. *Tạ, Quang Tùng. 2023. ''Ngữ âm tiếng Kháng và phương án chữ viết cho người Kháng ở Việt Nam''. Thái Nguyên: Nhà xuất bản đại học Thái Nguyên. *Thông Tấn Xã Việt Nam ietnam News Agency 2006. ''Việt Nam Hình Ảnh Cộng Dồng 54 Dân Tộc'' ietnam Image of the Community of 54 Ethnic Groups Hanoi: The Vna Publishing House.

External links

*https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221448/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&op=details&mid=508 *http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-93F5-2@view Khang in RWAAI Digital Archive Khmuic languages Palaungic languages Languages of Vietnam {{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub

Classification

Distribution

Phonology

References

Further reading

External links