Ruth Ke‘elikōlani, or sometimes written as Luka Ke‘elikōlani, also known as Ruth Ke‘elikōlani Keanolani Kanāhoahoa or Ruth Keanolani Kanāhoahoa Ke‘elikōlani (June 17, 1826 – May 24, 1883), was a member of the
House of Kamehameha
The House of Kamehameha ''(Hale O Kamehameha)'', or the Kamehameha dynasty, was the reigning royal family of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Kingdom of Hawaii, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795 and ending with the death of Kamehameha V in ...
who served as
Governor of the Island of Hawaiʻi and for a period, was the largest and wealthiest landowner in the
Hawaiian Islands
The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...
. Keʻelikōlani's genealogy is controversial. Her mother's identity is not disputed, while her grandfather
Pauli Kaōleiokū
Pauli Kaʻōleiokū (c. 1767–1818) was a Prince of Hawaii.
Early childhood
Pauli Kaʻōleiokū was born in about 1767. His mother was High Chiefess Kānekapōlei, a wife of Kalaniʻōpuʻu. His paternity is a matter of some debate. However, it i ...
's relationship to
Kamehameha I is. While her father was legally identified as early as 1864, disputes to that lineage continued as late as 1919. As one of the primary heirs to the Kamehameha family, Ruth held much of the land that would become the
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate, funding the
Kamehameha Schools.
Her name Keʻelikōlani means ''leaf bud of heaven''.
Early life
Keʻelikōlani's mother was
Kalani Pauahi who died on June 17, 1826, during childbirth after having married the man believed to be her father,
Mataio Kekūanaōʻa on November 28, 1825.
She was born at
Pohukaina near the
ʻIolani Palace and ''hānai'' adopted by
Kaʻahumanu
Maternal lineage
Kalani Pauahi was the daughter of Pauli
Kaōleiokū and Keouawahine. Kaōleiokū was one of the three sons of
Kānekapōlei who rebelled against their half brother
Kīwalaʻō and their uncle
Kamehameha I when their father Kalaniʻōpuʻu died and left them no lands. The other two brothers were
Keōua Kūʻahuʻula who started the rebellion and Keōua Peʻeʻale, who was speared to death. It was said that Kalani Pauahi was Kamehameha I's granddaughter through her father Kaōleiokū However, in 1935 the
Hawaiian Historical Society published their Forty-Third Annual Report with an article by archaeologist John F. G. Stokes "Kaoleioku, Paternity and Biographical Sketch", in which Stokes claimed that Pauli Kaōleiokū was not a son of Kamehameha l.
Kalani Pauahi's mother Keouawahine was a daughter of Kauhiwawaeono, whose parents were Kekauhiwamoku and Haalou. Haalou was a daughter of
Haae-a-Mahi who was also the father of Kamehameha I's mother
Kekuʻiapoiwa II.
Kalani Pauahi died from complications due to child birth. While many sources and writers differ on the date and reason,
Francisco de Paula Marín noted in his journal in 1826 the day Kalani Puahi died; ''"17 June. Today died one of the Queens Craypaguaji (Kalanipauahi i.e., Pauahi)"''. Some years later John Papa ʻĪʻī wrote; ''"The mother died in childbirth on June 17, 1826"'', a date that anthropologist
Alexander Spoehr agrees with. However professor Noel Kent gave the date of Keʻelikōlani's birth as February 9, 1826, a four-month difference. According to Kristin Zambucka author of: ''"The High Chiefess, Ruth Keelikolani"'' this was a date Keʻelikōlani supposedly celebrated herself. Professor Seth Archer in his 2018 publication; ''"Sharks upon the Land: Colonialism, Indigenous Health, and Culture in Hawai'i"'' lists Pauahi among those who died of a
whooping cough
Whooping cough ( or ), also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, Vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine-preventable Pathogenic bacteria, bacterial disease. Initial symptoms are usually similar to those of the common c ...
outbreak.
Paternal ancestry
Keʻelikōlani's genealogy was disputed as late as 1919. She is sometimes considered to be of ''poʻolua'' ancestry, a child of two fathers.
Kahalaiʻa
While Keʻelikōlani was the half sister of
Kamehameha V
Kamehameha V (Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui; December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872), reigned as the fifth monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi from 1863 to 1872. His motto was "Onipaʻa": immovable, firm, s ...
, he had always considered her the daughter of Kahalaiʻa, a nephew of
Kamehameha I, the son of the king's half-brother Kalaʻimamahu and
Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio from Maui. Kahalaiʻa was a ''kahu'' (royal attendant) for
Kamehameha II
Kamehameha II (November 1797 – July 14, 1824) was the second king of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Kingdom of Hawaii from 1819 to 1824. His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani. It was lengthened to Kala ...
. Zambucka states that Kahalaiʻa was caring for Kalani Pauahi while her first husband, Kamehameha II, was in England. According to
Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau, Kalani Pauahi and
Kamehamalu, both wives of Kamehameha II, fell in love with him. Kamakau states: ''"Liholiho had once entertained the notion of disposing of Kahala-iʻa as Kamehameha had of Ka-niho-nui"''. In Kamakau's version both Pauahi and Kinaʻu were with Kahalaiʻa when the king and queen's remains returned in 1825 and that; ''"Within a few years Pauahi became the wife of Keku-anaoʻa, and Kinaʻu of Kahala-iʻa. Pauahi was carrying Ruth Ke-ʻeli-kolani at the time, and that is why Ruth was said to be "double headed" (poʻokua) > that is, a child of two fathers"''.
In May 1824
Kaumualiʻi, the aliʻi nui or "supreme ruler" of
Kauaʻi died. Not long afterwards
Hiram Bingham I, while on the island, announced that a solar eclipse would occur on June 26 at exactly 12:57pm. Bingham had hoped to use the event to explain it as a simple act of nature and not an omen. Many still saw it as a sign of impending war. Kahalaiʻa was appointed governor of the Island of Kauai and took command of the Russian fort with its fifty mounted canons and ordered armed guards to the tops of its walls. On August 8, 1824, the day after
Kalanimoku held a failed council to annex the island, those dissatisfied with the land disbursement went to war. By the wars end Kahalaiʻa had been replaced as governor by Kaikioewa. After he was replaced, Kahalaiʻa returned to Honolulu and was made ''kahu hānai'' of Kauikeaoūli (
Kamehameha III
Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His full Hawaiian name was Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweula K ...
). John Papa ʻĪʻī states Kahalaiʻa was sent to
Lahaina, Maui for his safety upon Kekūanaōʻa's return as he had supposedly already stated his intention to wed Pauahi.
In 1909
Sheldon Dibble published the date of Kahalaiʻa's death as 1826 however, he places Pauahi's death in 1825. Also in 1906, Thomas G. Thrum's; "Hawaiian Annual" lists Kahalaiʻa's death as 1826 as well however, in their 1922 edition state that Kahalaiʻa had died during the battle. John Fawcett Pogue published an account of the rebellion written by Hawaiian students in his book ''Moolelo of Ancient Hawaii'' in 1858. In 2002 Peter R. Mills clarified translations and conclusions from
Charles W. Kenn about the writings in which Kenn describes a "sacrifice" interpreted as relating to Kahalaiʻa. Mills noted that the figure had not died during the battle and was not buried at the fort. Archer believed that Kahalaiʻa died of whooping cough in an outbreak in 1826 along with Kalani Pauahi. Kamakau mentions an outbreak of "cough and bronchitis" that killed Pauahi and others and then discusses Kalanimoku and Kahalaiʻa's death, but not how they died. Kamakau only mentions that Boki took over as the young king's ''kahu'' after Kahalaiʻa's death.
Kekūanaōʻa
John Papa ʻĪʻī writes that, whether or not Kekūanaōʻa had spoken of Pauahi before leaving for England, it was common knowledge that Kekūanaōʻa had taken Kalani Pauahi for himself immediately upon his return. ʻĪʻī states that the relationship may possibly have stemmed from "illicit relations" prior to the king's death that remained hidden, but on Kekūanaōʻa's return the "affair was evident".
Although her paternity was questionable, Mataio Kekūanaōʻa claimed her as his own natural child. He took her into his household after Kaʻahumanu's death and included her in his will and inheritance. This made her the half-sister of
King Kamehameha IV and
King Kamehameha V and
Princess Victoria Kamāmalu.
Kaʻahumanu, Boki and the line of succession
A dispute between
Boki and Kaʻahumanu began in 1829 over the line of succession when a discussion overheard between the Queen-Regent Kaʻahumanu and
Kekāuluohi was relayed to Boki by a royal attendant. Kaʻahumanu had said that Keʻelikōlani could become ruler. Kaʻahumanu believed Kaōleiokū to be Kamehameha's first child, and as Pauahi was his daughter, Keʻelikōlani was grandniece of Kauikeaouli. Kamakau says this is when Boki conceived plans to overthrow Kaʻahumanu. On June 20 Boki visited with
Nahienaena and
Kamehameha III
Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His full Hawaiian name was Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweula K ...
and advised the king and his sister to conceive a child in order to disqualify any claims saying; ''"the chiefs would not dare urge your grandniece as your possible successor!"'' and then told the king what the attendant had said. When Kaʻahumanu and other's including
Kuakini and
Hoapili were told of Boki's actions they had harsh words toward Boki calling him; ''"
e one girdled in Kamehameha's intestines"'', a reference to
Kahekili II's hatred towards the king and Boki's rumored paternity. They stated that Kaʻahumanu had a right to decide such things but he did not. This only infuriated the young man who believed himself to be Kauikeaouli's main'' kahu'' or guardian, giving him the sole right to counsel the king as tradition had always given past guardians. Boki was held in high esteem by American and English consuls and felt encouraged in quartering soldiers, including some foreign white settlers, guns and ammunitions in Waikiki. When news of the rebellion reached Kaʻahumanu, most of the soldiers stayed with Boki, but members of the church and others came to her aid. Kaʻahumanu was defiant and said that Boki would have to come there himself to kill her and her grandchildren, Keʻelikōlani and
David Kamehameha
David Kamehameha (1828–1835) was a member of the royal family of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Biography
Born May 20, 1828, he was the firstborn and eldest son of Mataio Kekūanaōʻa and Elizabeth Kīnaʻu. He was a grandson of King Kamehameha ...
. After hearing about Boki's purpose
Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa headed out on horseback to confront Boki, but Kanaʻina became nervous and turned back, leaving Keʻelikōlani's father Kekūanaōʻa to continue alone. He arrived to a huge gathering of armed people, including Boki and his men. When the crowd saw Kekūanaōʻa they shouted his name and fell silent. He took Boki off to speak with him about his plans to kill Kaʻahumanu. Boki admitted his jealousy of the queen's sway over Kamehameha III but was persuaded to end the dispute and return to his home peacefully.
Line of succession by Order in Council with Kamehameha III
On June 29, 1844, an ''"Order in Council of His Majesty King Kamehameha III"'' designated the 15 eligible royals with rights to the throne. This pool of individuals became presumed heirs in the absence of a constitutional appointment of a successor to the throne. A full list with one additional name was printed in 1847 by the ''Polynesian'', the official government journal;
Moses Kekuaiwa,
Jane Loeau,
Alexander Liholiho,
Abigail Maheha,
James Kaliokalani,
Mary Paaaina,
David Kalakaua,
Lydia Kamakaeha,
Lot Kamehameha,
Bernice Pauahi,
William C. Lunalilo,
Elizabeth Kekaaniau,
Peter Y. Kaeo,
Emma Rooke, William Kinau Pitt, and
Victoria Kamamalu. Keʻelikōlani was not included in this line of succession, although her son was.
Defender of tradition
Ruth was a defender of
ancient Hawaiian traditions and customs. While the kingdom became Christianized, Anglicized, and urbanized, she preferred to live as a noblewoman of antiquity. While her royal estates were filled with elegant palaces and mansions built for her family, she chose to live in a large traditional stone-raised grass house. While she was fluent in
English, she used the
Hawaiian language
Hawaiian (', ) is a critically endangered Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family, originating in and native to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the native language of the Hawaiian people. Hawaiian, along with English, is an offi ...
exclusively, requiring English-speakers to use a translator. Although trained in the Christian religion and given a Christian name, she honored practices considered
pagan, such as patronage of chanters and
hula
Hula () is a Hawaiian dance form expressing chant (''oli'') or song (Mele (Hawaiian language), ''mele''). It was developed in the Hawaiian Islands by the Native Hawaiians who settled there. The hula dramatizes or portrays the words of the oli ...
dancers.
She continued to worship the traditional gods and various ''aumakua'', or ancestral spirits. When
Mauna Loa erupted in 1880, threatening the city of
Hilo with a lava flow, her intercession with the
goddess Pele was credited by Hawaiians with saving the city. When the ruling monarchs asked her to pose for official photographs, she often refused. Only a dozen photographs of Ruth are known to exist.
Considered a beauty in her youth, she gained weight as she grew older, and a surgery for nasal infection disfigured her nose, although rumors circulated that it was her second husband Davis who had broken her nose in one of their many fights.
She adopted some modern ways, such as
Victorian fashions in hairstyle and dresses. Christian missionaries caused Hawaiian royal women to become self-conscious about their Hawaiian looks. They were uncomfortable with their dark skin and large bodies that had been considered signs of nobility for centuries. No matter how Westernized their manners, they were seen as a "Hawaiian squaw". By the last half of the 19th century, Hawaiian women were going in two different directions. Many European men married Hawaiian women they found exotic, favoring those who were thin and had pale complexions.
Ruth defied this ideal, weighing and standing over tall. Her broad features were accentuated by a nose flattened by surgery for an infection. To add to her stature, listeners described Princess Ruth's voice as a "distant rumble of thunder." The U.S. minister to Hawaiʻi
Henry A. Peirce dismissed the princess as a "woman of no intelligence or ability". Many Westerners interpreted her adamant defense of traditional ways as backward and stupid.
Government and business
As the Governor of
Hawaiʻi Island and heir to large estates, she had more political power and wealth than most women in the world. For example, American women were not allowed to vote. Ruth's assertiveness were characteristic of her ancestors. She hired businessmen such as
Sam Parker and
Rufus Anderson Lyman, descended from Americans, to help her adapt to the rules for land ownership. Instead of selling the land, she offered long-term leases, which encouraged settlers to start farms, and gave her a secure income.
She was a shrewd businesswoman. In a notorious case, she sold
Claus Spreckels her claims to the
Crown Lands for $10,000. The lands were worth $750,000, but she knew her claims to them were worthless, since previous court cases had established that the lands were entitled to the monarch.
In 1847 she was appointed to the
Privy Council of Kamehameha III, and served from 1855 through 1857 in the
House of Nobles. On January 15, 1855, she was appointed
Royal Governor of Hawaiʻi Island, serving until March 2, 1874. When her last half-brother
Kamehameha V
Kamehameha V (Lota Kapuāiwa Kalanimakua Aliʻiōlani Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui; December 11, 1830 – December 11, 1872), reigned as the fifth monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi from 1863 to 1872. His motto was "Onipaʻa": immovable, firm, s ...
died in 1872 leaving no heir to the throne, her controversial family background prevented her from contending to become monarch. Although she was considered a member of the royal family, along with
Queen Emma and the
king's father. In 1874,
King Lunalilo then died, and the legislature elected Kalākaua as king, the first not to be descended from Kamehameha I. Keʻelikōlani was not declared a member of the royal family, merely as a high chiefess by Kalākaua. William Pitt Leleiohoku was named
Crown prince
A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title, crown princess, is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent.
''Crown prince ...
. History might have been different had he lived past 1877 and become wealthy. Instead, the increased reliance of the royal family on the treasury and governmental pensions to fund their expenses is a factor that led to the
overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
The Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown in a ''coup d'état'' against Queen Liliʻuokalani that took place on January 17, 1893, on the island of Oahu. The coup was led by the Committee of Safety, composed of seven foreign residents (five Ame ...
in 1893.
She died at Huliheʻe Palace,
Kailua Kona, Hawaiʻi Island on May 24, 1883
[; ; ; ; ] or possible May 15.
Her body was shipped to Honolulu for a royal funeral, and she was buried in the Kamehameha Crypt of the
Royal Mausoleum, Mauna ʻAla, in
Nuʻuanu Valley,
Oahu
Oahu (, , sometimes written Oahu) is the third-largest and most populated island of the Hawaiian Islands and of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The state capital, Honolulu, is on Oahu's southeast coast. The island of Oahu and the uninhabited Northwe ...
. Her will had one major bequest: to her cousin Princess
Bernice Pauahi Bishop the elaborate mansion,
Keōua Hale on Emma Street in Honolulu, as well as approximately of Kamehameha lands. This totaled nearly nine percent of the land in the main Hawaiian Islands.
Personal life and marriages
Before reaching sixteen, she married High Chief
William Pitt Leleiohoku I (1821–1848), Governor of Hawaiʻi, former husband of
Princess Nāhiʻenaʻena, and son of High Chief
William Pitt Kalanimoku (the Prime Minister of Kamehameha I) and his first wife, High Chiefess Kiliwehi. Her 27-year-old husband soon died in a
measles
Measles (probably from Middle Dutch or Middle High German ''masel(e)'', meaning "blemish, blood blister") is a highly contagious, Vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine-preventable infectious disease caused by Measles morbillivirus, measles v ...
epidemic.
On June 2, 1856, she married her second husband, Isaac Young Davis (c. 1826–1882), son of
George Hueu Davis and his wife Kahaʻanapilo Papa (therefore grandson of
Isaac Davis). Standing at 6 ft 2 in, he was considered handsome by many including foreign visitors such as
Lady Franklin and her niece Sophia Cracroft. Their marriage was an unhappy one, and they divorced in 1868 possibly over the early loss of their son.
Children
She bore two sons, who both died young.
John William Pitt Kīnaʻu, son of Leleiohoku, was born on December 21, 1842. He was taken away at an early age to attend the
Royal School in Honolulu, and died September 9, 1859.
Keolaokalani Davis, son of Isaac Young Davis was born in February 1862 and ''
hānai
''Hānai'' is a term used in the Hawaiian culture that refers to the informal adoption of one person by another. It can be used as an adjective, such as "''hānai'' child," or as a verb, to ''hānai'' someone into the family. Traditionally, ''hān ...
'' (adopted) against his father's wishes to Princess
Bernice Pauahi Bishop. He died on August 29, 1863, aged one year and 6 months.
Her adopted son
Leleiohoku II was born January 10, 1854. He became Crown Prince of Hawaii, but died April 9, 1877, at age 23. On his death, she demanded that Kalākaua and his family relinquish all rights to the estates she had bequeathed their brother, and that they be returned to her by deed. Her relations with King Kalākaua were distant, although she had close friendships with his sister,
Queen Liliʻuokalani
Queen most commonly refers to:
* Queen regnant, a female monarch of a kingdom
* Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king
* Queen (band), a British rock band
Queen or QUEEN may also refer to:
Monarchy
* Queen dowager, the widow of a king
* ...
, and their mother,
Keohokalole.
She was godmother to
Princess Kaʻiulani. At Kaʻiulani's baptism, Ruth gifted of her land in
Waikīkī where Kaʻiulani's father
Archibald Cleghorn built the
ʻĀinahau Estate. Kaʻiulani gave Ruth the pen name of ''Mama Nui'' meaning "great mother". Ruth insisted that the princess be raised to one day be fit to sit on the Hawaiian throne. Ruth's death in 1883 was the first of many deaths that Kaʻiulani witnessed in her short life.
Personal heir to the Kamehameha line
Keʻelikōlani was an heir to many in the Kamehameha Dynasty despite her controversial heritage. She was entitled to much of the land holdings of her adopted mother Kaʻahumanu through her father who inherited his daughter's holdings, which then passed to Keʻelikōlani. She was the sole heir of Kamehameha V and a 1/9 heir to the estate of
Charles Kanaʻina's estate along with her cousin Bernice who inherited two - 1/9th shares because her genealogy.
Legacy
During her life Ruth was considered the wealthiest woman in the islands.
. Her estate passed to her cousin
Bernice Pauahi Bishop,
with much of these lands becoming the endowment for
Kamehameha Schools. On these lands
downtown Honolulu,
Hickam Air Force Base
Hickam Air Force Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) United States Air Force installation, installation, named in honor of aviation pioneer Lieutenant Colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel Horace Meek Hickam. The installation merged ...
, part of
Honolulu International Airport
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport , also known as Honolulu International Airport, is the main and largest airport in Hawaii. ,
Moana Hotel,
Princess Kaʻiulani Hotel,
Royal Hawaiian Hotel, among others, were built.
A documentary film was made of her life in 2004. As a tribute to her traditionalism, a version of the film was produced in the Hawaiian language.
In March 2017, ''Hawaiʻi Magazine'' ranked her among a list of the most influential women in Hawaiian history.
Ancestry
Honours
*

Dame Grand Cross of the
Royal Order of Kamehameha I.
See also
*
Huliheʻe Palace – Kailua-Kona home of Princess Ruth
*
Keōua Hale – Palace of Princess Ruth (downtown Honolulu)
*
Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani Middle School – former palace of Keʻelikōlani
Notes
Citations
References
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* Includes letters by Sofia Cracroft,
Jane Franklin and
Queen Emma of Hawaii.
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External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keelikolani
Keelikolani, Ruth
Keelikolani, Ruth
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Hawaiian princesses
House of Kamehameha
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Burials at the Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)
Native Hawaiian women in politics
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council
Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles
Governors of Hawaii (island)
Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)
Women governors and heads of sub-national entities