The Kauffmann–White classification or Kauffmann and White classification scheme is a system that classifies the genus ''

Salmonella ''Salmonella'' is a genus of bacillus (shape), rod-shaped, (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The two known species of ''Salmonella'' are ''Salmonella enterica'' and ''Salmonella bongori''. ''S. enterica'' ...

'' into

serotype A serotype or serovar is a distinct variation within a species of bacteria or virus or among immune cells of different individuals. These microorganisms, viruses, or Cell (biology), cells are classified together based on their shared reactivity ...

s, based on surface

antigens In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. An ...

. It is named after Philip Bruce White and . First the "O" antigen type is determined based on

oligosaccharides An oligosaccharide (; ) is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides can have many functions including cell recognition and cell adhesion. They are normally presen ...

associated with

lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), now more commonly known as endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria, such as '' E. coli'' and ''Salmonella'' with a common structural archit ...

. Then the "H" antigen is determined based on

flagella A flagellum (; : flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hair-like appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores ( zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many pr ...

r proteins (H is short for the German ''Hauch'' meaning "breath" or "mist"; O stands for German ''ohne'' meaning "without"). Since ''Salmonella'' typically exhibit phase variation between two motile phenotypes, different "H" antigens may be expressed. Salmonella that can express only one "H" antigen phase consequently have motile and non-motile phenotypes and are termed monophasic, whilst isolates that lack any "H" antigen expression are termed non-motile. Pathogenic strains of ''Salmonella'' Typhi, ''Salmonella'' Paratyphi C, and ''Salmonella'' Dublin carry the capsular "Vi" antigen (Vi for virulence), which is a special subtype of the capsule's K antigen (from the German word ''Kapsel'' meaning capsule).

Kauffmann–White classification for ''Salmonella''

;''Salmonella (species) serotype (O antigen) : (H1 antigen) : (H2 antigen)'' ;Examples: ''Salmonella enterica'' serotype Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:1,2 monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium 1,4,5,12:i:- * Antigens in brackets are those that are rarely expressed in that serovar. The cost of maintaining a full set of antisera precludes all but reference laboratories from performing a complete serological identification of salmonella isolates. Most laboratories stock only a limited range of antisera, and the choice of stock sera is largely determined by the nature of the specimens to be processed.

Representative stock of antisera

A common set of working antisera is shown below: Laboratories that are likely to investigate typhoid also carry antiserum raised against the Vi antigen. A set of "Rapid Diagnostic Sera" is also held and is used for determination of common specific H-antigens except i-H. After obtaining a positive agglutination with the polyvalent-H specific and non-specific antiserum, the three RDS antisera are used to identify the H antigen present. Depending on the pattern of positive and negative reactions with the RDS antisera, the specific H antigen may be identified: E = polyvalent for eh, enx, ''etc''.
G = polyvalent for gm, gp, ''etc''.
L = polyvalent for lv, lw, ''etc''.

Connection of O and H symbols to the work of Weil and Felix

This use of the O and H symbols is based on the historic observations of Edmund Weil (1879–1922) and Arthur Felix (1887–1956) of a thin surface film produced by agar-grown flagellated ''Proteus'' strains, a film that resembled the mist produced by breath on a glass. Flagellated (swarming, motile) variants were therefore designated H forms (German ''Hauch'', for film, literally breath or mist); nonflagellated (nonswarming, nonmotile) variants growing as isolated colonies and lacking the surface film were designated as O forms (German ''ohne Hauch'', without film .e., without surface film of mist droplets.Hahon, N., Ed. ''Selected Papers on the Pathogenic Rickettsiae'', p. 79, Harvard University Press, 1968.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kauffmann-White Classification Bacteriology