The Kang-chü, Kao-che, Gaoche or Kao-chü Ting-ling (

chin The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Regions, mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm. Evolution The presence of a we ...

. 高車, „high chariot/cart“) were an ancient Turkic people in East Asia in the 3rd century AD. Only known under the Chinese name ''Kao-che'', they are usually equated with the ancient

Dingling The Dingling (174 BCE); (200 BCE); Eastern Han Chinese: *''teŋ-leŋ'' < Old Chinese: *''têŋ-rêŋ'' were an ancient people who appear in Chinese historiography in the context of the 1st century BCE. The Dingling are considered to have been ...

(丁零) and Kang and medieval

Kipchaks The Kipchaks, also spelled Qipchaqs, known as Polovtsians (''Polovtsy'') in Russian annals, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the eighth cent ...

. The semantic association of "carts" with Turkic nomads appears in the Gaoche ("high cart"), one of the Chinese names used for the Tiele(鐵勒) and later the

Uyghurs The Uyghurs,. alternatively spelled Uighurs, Uygurs or Uigurs, are a Turkic peoples, Turkic ethnic group originating from and culturally affiliated with the general region of Central Asia and East Asia. The Uyghurs are recognized as the ti ...

. In Georgian and Latin sources

Cumans The Cumans or Kumans were a Turkic people, Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cumania, Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language. They are referred to as Polovtsians (''Polovtsy'') in Ru ...

, Kipchaks, and Qanglï are seen identical or at least “related”, while also perhaps being connected with the Kengeres/Kangar people and the toponym Qang.

History

In the third century AD, the Dingling people formed part of the Southern Hsiung-Nu/Xiongnu(南匈奴). According to the Weilüe, an account from the years 239 to 265, a group of the Thing fled to the western steppes of Kazakhstan. During the

Sixteen Kingdoms The Sixteen Kingdoms (), less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived dynastic states. The majority of these states were founded b ...

period, they established the state of Wei, which, however, is not identical to that of the

Northern Wei Dynasty Wei (), known in historiography as the Northern Wei ( zh, c=北魏, p=Běi Wèi), Tuoba Wei ( zh, c=拓跋魏, p=Tuòbá Wèi), Yuan Wei ( zh, c=元魏, p=Yuán Wèi) and Later Wei ( zh, t=後魏, p=Hòu Wèi), was an imperial dynasty of Chi ...

. At that time they were also called Gaoche for the first time. A section of the Gaoche is also said to have settled along the

Orkhon River The Orkhon River ( ) is the longest river in Mongolia. It rises in the Khangai Mountains in the Tsenkher, Tsenkher sum of Arkhangai Province, Arkhangai Provinces of Mongolia, aimag at the foot of the Suvraga Khairkhan mountain. From there, it ...

under the name of Bayeqi (拔也稽) until it was subdued by the

Rouran The Rouran Khaganate ( Chinese: zh, c=, p=Róurán, label=no), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan ( zh, c=, p=Ruǎnruǎn, label=no) (or variously ''Jou-jan'', ''Ruruan'', ''Ju-juan'', ''Ruru'', ''Ruirui'', ''Rouru'', ''Rouruan'' or ''Tantan'') ...

in the early 5th century. Some of the Gaoche are said to have held high positions in the Rouran state. The southern Gaoche, along with remnants of the Tabgach, repeatedly invaded the Rouran frontier regions. After a Rouran uprising against the Tabgach in 429, 1.5 million captive Gaoche were settled in the southern capital,

Pingcheng Datong is a prefecture-level city in northern Shanxi Province, China. It is located in the Datong Basin at an elevation of and borders Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Hebei to the east. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of ...

. Six tribes and twelve clans are said to have belonged to the Gaoche among the Rouran in the 6th century. In 524 there was an uprising against the Rouran that lasted until 526. As a result, many Gaoche moved south and assimilated into the local population. With this loss of population, the power of the Rouran declined over time. The Gaoche people in the region were followed by the Fufuluo (副伏羅), later the Chile (敕勒) or Tiele (鐵勒).

The king list

{, class="wikitable" ! Family names and

given name A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and differentiates that person from the other members of a group (typically a f ...

!! Durations of reigns , - , colspan="2" style="text-align: center" , ''Family name and given name'' , - , Afuzhiluo, 阿伏至羅 Āfúzhìluó , , 487–503 , - , Baliyan, 跋利延 Bálìyán , , 503–505 , - , Mi'etu, 彌俄突 Mí'étú , , 505–516 , - , Yifu, 伊匐 Yīfú , , 516–524 , - , Yueju, 越居 Yuèjū , , 524–536 , - , Bizao, 比造 Bǐzào , , 536–540 , - , Qubin, 去賓 Qùbīn , , 540–541

Origin

According to Chinese sources, the Gaoche (Kao-chü, chin. "''high chariot/cart''") were considered to be closest ethnically to the T'ieh-le (Tiele). Originally known as the ''Kao-chü Ting-ling'' (chin. "High Chariot Ting-ling"), the Kao-chü were apparently the last surviving branch of the

Chidi Chidi may refer to: *Chidi (god), an ancient Chinese deity People Given name *Chidi Ahanotu, American football player *Chidi Edeh, Nigerian footballer *Chidi Imoh, Nigerian sprinter *Chidi Iwuoma, American football player *Chidi Ngwaba, British m ...

(Chile). According to the ''History of Gaoche'' from the Chinese Chronicle

Wei Shou Wei Shou () (506–572), courtesy name Boqi (伯起), was a Chinese people, Chinese author born in Quyang County in Julu Commandery (today Xingtai, Hebei) who served under the Northern Qi, Northern Qi dynasty.(魏收，字伯起，小字佛助，� ...

(6th century), the origin of the Ting-ling/Dingling (丁零) and T'ieh-le (丁零 ) can be traced back to the Chidi (赤狄) or Red Di (赤狄), a people which settled in northern China during the spring and autumn periods. Their language is similar to the Hunnu/Hunyu with little difference (浑庾).N.Ya.Bichurin
"Collection of Information on Peoples in Central Asia in Ancient Times."
Printing house of military schools Sankt Petersburg, 1851. Part 1 Section 5: Hoihu. Pagee 248
PDF
p. 304 (RUS)

References

Turkic people Turkic peoples of Asia Kipchaks Uyghurs