Kalīla wa-Dimna

''Kalīla wa-Dimna'' or ''Kelileh o Demneh'' () is a collection of fables. The book consists of fifteen chapters containing many fables whose heroes are animals. A remarkable animal character is the lion, who plays the role of the king; he has a servant ox Shetrebah, while the two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna, appear both as narrators and as protagonists. Its likely origin is the Sanskrit ''Panchatantra''. The book has been translated into many languages, with surviving illustrations in manuscripts from the 13th century onwards.

Origins

The book is based on the c. 200 BC Sanskrit text ''Panchatantra''. It was translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century by Borzuya. It was subsequently translated into Arabic in the eighth century by the Persian Ibn al-Muqaffa'. King Vakhtang VI of Kartli made a translation from Persian to Georgian in the 18th century. His work, later edited by his mentor Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, has been used as a reference while determining the possible original text, along with an earlier unfinished translation by King David I of Kakheti.

Synopsis

The King Dabschelim is visited by the philosopher Bidpai who tells him a collection of stories of anthropomorphised animals with important morals for a King. The stories are in response to requests of parables from Dabschelim and they follow a Russian doll format, with stories interwoven and nested to some depth. There are fifteen main stories, acting as frame stories with many more stories within them. The two jackals, Kalila and Dimna, feature both as narrators of the stories and as protagonists within them. They work in the court of the king, Bankala the lion. Kalila is happy with his lot, whereas Dimna constantly struggles to gain fame. The stories are allegories set in a human social and political context, and in the manner of fables illustrate human life.

Manuscripts

Manuscripts of the text have for many centuries and translated into other languages contained illustrations to accompany the fables.

c.1220 edition (BNF Arabe 3465)

This edition of Kalīla wa-Dimna is now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France ( BNF Arabe 3465). It dates to the first quarter of the 13th century (usually dated c.1220 CE).

File:Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r. Frontispiece.
File:Kalila wa Dimna BNF 131v (king detail).jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Arabe 3465, folio 20v. King wearing the ''aqabā' turkī'' with uninscribed '' tiraz'' armbands.
File:Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r. Animal scene
Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v. Animal scene

1313 edition (BNF Latin 8504)

French translation of ''Kalila wa Dimna'', Raymond de Béziers, dated to 1313 CE. Now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF Latin 8504).

File:Philip iv and family. 2.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Latin 8504. Ruler: Philip IV and family.
File:Trojka kralove.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Latin 8504. Regnal scene
File:Kalila wa Dimna trad Raimon Gaucelm 23v, 1313 CE.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Latin 8504, folio 23v. Animal scene.
File:Kalila wa Dimna trad Raimon Gaucelm, 26r, 1313 CE.jpg, ''Kalila wa Dimna'' BNF Latin 8504, folio 26r. Animal scene.

Other editions

File:Calila y Dimna.jpg, Spanish manuscript, workshop of Frederick of Castile, 1251–1261
File:Syrischer Maler um 1310 001.jpg, The crows and the owls. Syrian painter, c. 1300–1325
File:Kalila wa-Dimna Pococke 400 folio 36b.png, The jackals Kalila and Dimna look on as the snake and the elephant fight. Arabic, 1340
File:Kalila wa Dimna - Borzuya, KFCRIS manuscript.jpg, "Barzueh heals the sick". 1346–1347
File:Syrischer Maler von 1354 001.jpg, Hare fools Elephant by showing the moon's reflection. Arabic, 1354
File:Kalila wa Dimna - The fable of the turtle and the monkey.png, The turtle and the monkey. Persian, Timurid school, c. 1410–1420
File:Kelileh va Demneh.jpg, A page from a Persian manuscript, dated 1429
File:Kalila wa Dimna - The lion devoured the bull.png, The lion eats the bull, as the two jackals look on. Painted in Herat, 1430
File:کلیله و دمنه.jpg, The jackals Kalila and Dimna in their den. Herat school, 1431
File:پادشاه و پرنده شگفت‌انگیز.jpg, Fanzah refuses to return to the King. Probably made for Pir Budaq, Baghdad?, c. 1460
File:"Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion", Folio from a Kalila wa Dimna MET DP300729.jpg, "Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion". 18th century
File:Armenian translation of The story of seven sages.jpg, Armenian translation of The story of seven sages, 1740

Legacy

Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the Middle Persian manuscript of Kalila and Dimna is considered a masterpiece of Arabic and world literature. In 1480, Johannes Gutenberg published Anton von Pforr's German version, ''Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen''. La Fontaine, in the preface to his second collection of Fables, explicitly acknowledged his debt to "the Indian sage Pilpay".
The collection has been adapted in plays, cartoons, and commentary works.

See also

* Hitopadesha
* Jataka tales

References

Sources

*

Further reading

*

External links

Digitised version of 1354 at the Bodleian Libraries

Digitised version of 1310 from Bavarian State Library

Digitised version of 16th/17th century from Bavarian State Library

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalila waDimna
Medieval Arabic literature
Indian literature
Persian literature
4th-century books
6th-century books
Panchatantra
8th-century Arabic-language books
Fables
Collections of fables
Abbasid literature
Literary duos