Kalkoti, also known as Goedijaa, is an
Indo-Aryan language
The Indo-Aryan languages, or sometimes Indic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of 2024, there are more than 1.5 billion speakers, primarily concentrated east of the Indus river in Ba ...
spoken in the
Kalkot Tehsil, in the
Upper Dir district
Upper Dir District (, ) is a district located in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city of Dir is its district headquarter. Geographically, it is located in the northern part of Pakistan. It borders with th ...
in
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
.
Phonology
The following tables outline the phonology of Kalkoti.
Vowels
Short vowels are slightly centralized; nasalization of vowels may be phonemic.
Consonants
The phonemes /q, ʦ, x, z, ɣ, ɽ/ have likely been introduced by loanwords. The voiceless aspirate series is secure, and, unlike the neighboring
Palula language, Kalkoti does not have a breathy voiced series. The phonemic status of /ʔ/ is unclear and is likely tied to tone in Kalkoti.
Tone
Kalkoti's system of tone likely was similar to
Shina's two tone system; however, under pressure from its Kohistani neighbors it may now have a more complex tone inventory.
References
Bibliography
*
Dardic languages
Tonal languages in non-tonal families
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