The Pend d'Oreille or Pend d'Oreilles ( ), also known as the Kalispel (), are Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau. Today many of them live in Montana and eastern Washington of the United States. The Kalispel peoples referred to their primary tribal range as ''Kaniksu''. Their traditional territory comprised the drainage systems of the Flathead River, Clark Fork, and Pend Oreille rivers. It extended from roughly present-day Plains, Montana, westward along the Clark Fork River, to Lake Pend Oreille and Priest Lake in Idaho, and the Pend Oreille River (''Ntxwe'', meaning "river") in eastern Washington and into

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(

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). They lived in many bands — originally, probably eleven — in their historic lands. They are generally divided geographically and culturally in two groupings: * the "upstream people" or Upper Kalispel (or "Upper Pend d’Oreille") are commonly referred to as the Pend d'Oreille. They were also known as ''Kullyspelm'' or ''Ql̓ispé'' ("Camas People"). They are now enrolled in the federally recognized Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana. and * the "downstream people" or Lower Kalispel (or "Lower Pend d’Oreille") are commonly referred to as the Kalispel. They were also known as ''Silkatkmlschi'' or ''Sɫq̓etkʷmsčin̓t'' ("People Living along the Shore of the Broad Water"), because they lived by Flathead Lake (Čɫq̓étkʷ - "Broad Water"). Today many are enrolled in the Kalispel Tribe of Indians in Washington. Some families are members of the Coeur d’Alene Tribe in Idaho. In addition, some Kalispel are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in eastern Washington. Prior to colonization by European-Americans, Chewelah was home to a band of the Lower Kalispel people. The band was known as the ''Slet̓éw̓si'', meaning "valley people". The ''Chewelah Band of Indians'' is currently part of the Spokane Tribe of Indians of Washington.

Name

The name ''Pend d’Oreille'' (), which means "hangs from ear", was attributed to them by French-speaking colonists and traders in reference to the large shell earrings worn by these people. The name ''Kalispel'' is an anglicization of their name in their own language (), which means " Camas people". Camas is a flower bulb that was a staple of their diet.Pritzker 257

Language

Their language, Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille, is a Southern Interior Salish language. It is also known as Flathead-Kalispel.

Reservations

The Pend d'Oreille people have two reservations: the Flathead Indian Reservation in western Montana and the Kalispel Indian Reservation in Washington. Also, a small number of Kalispel people live on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington. The main part of the Kalispel Reservation is northwest of Newport, Washington, in central Pend Oreille County. The main reservation is an strip of land along the Pend Oreille River, west of the Washington–

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border. There is also a small parcel of land in the western part of the Spokane metropolitan area in the city of Airway Heights, with a land area of . This is the site o
Northern Quest Resort & Casino
which is operated by the tribe. The total land area of the Kalispel Indian Reservation, located at in Pend Oreille County, is . The nearest outside community is Cusick, near the south end of the reservation.

History

The Pend d'Oreille people are believed to have migrated south from

. In 1809, the North West Company established a trading post in their territory, calling it Kullyspell House. Jesuits established a

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mission there in 1846. In 1855, the tribe split into the upper and lower divisions, with the upper moving to the Flathead Reservation in Montana. One of the two lower bands joined them in 1887.Pritzker 258 These people made their weapons and tools from flint, and many other things were shaped with rocks. For housing, the Pend d’Oreille lived in tipis in the summer, as well as lodges in the winter time. These houses were all built out of large cattails, which were in abundance where the people lived. These cattails were woven into mats called “tule mats”, which were attached to a tree branch frame to form a hut. Today a large community building on the Kalispel reservation bears the name “Tule Hut” in reference to this traditional housing. The tribe traded bison hides for horses and other useful goods. They traditionally made clothing from rabbit pelts and deer hides. They embellished hides with dyes, paints, beads, and porcupine quills. The Upper Pend d’Oreille of the Flathead Reservation became engaged in a dispute over off-reservation hunting between the tribes and the state of Montana, resulting in the Swan Valley Massacre of 1908. Long after they were dispossessed of their hereditary lands around Lake Pend Oreille, the Pend d'Oreille band of Kalispel continued to gather for an annual pow wow on its traditional grounds just east of what is now Sandpoint City Beach. The three-day event included ceremonies, dancing and traditional stick games. The pow wows in Sandpoint were discontinued in the early 1950s. Since 1975, the Kalispel Tribe has held an annual pow wow at its Usk, Washington, reservation in July or August. The events are open to the public and include a dance contest, traditional foods, stick games and others.

Notes

References

* Pritzker, Barry M. ''A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. .
Kalispel Reservation, Washington
United States Census Bureau

External links

Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
official website
Kalispel Tribe of Indians
official website {{Authority control Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Washington (state) Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau Native American tribes in Idaho