Kainantu–Goroka Languages
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The Kainantu–Goroka languages are a
family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
of
Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply ...
established by
Arthur Capell Arthur Capell (28 March 1902 – 10 August 1986) was an Australian linguist, who made major contributions to the study of Australian languages, Austronesian languages and Papuan languages. Early life Capell was born in Newtown, New South W ...
in 1948 under the name East Highlands. They formed the core of Stephen Wurm's 1960 East New Guinea Highlands family (the precursor of Trans–New Guinea), and are one of the larger branches of Trans–New Guinea in the 2005 classification of Malcolm Ross.


Languages

The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are: * Goroka family ** Daulo *** Siane, Yaweyuha *** Gahuku: Alekano (Gahuku), Asaro River: Dano (Upper Asaro), Tokano (Lower Asaro) ** Benabena ** South Goroka: Fore, Gimi ** Isabi, Gende ** Henganofi *** Abaga *** Kamono (Kamano) *** Fayatina River **** Kanite, Inoke-Yate **** Yagaria ***(? Ke’yagana) ubsumed under another language by Usher* Kainantu family ** Kenati **Tairoric (East Kainantu): Binumarien (Afaqina), Tairoa (North Tairora, Omwunra, Vinaata), Waffa ** Gauwa (West Kainantu) *** Gadsup (Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu), Agarabi, Kambaira *** Awa, Oweina ***Auyana: Awiyaana (incl. Kosena), Usarufa


Pronouns

The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows: : The possessive forms are: :


Modern reflexes

Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Awa language: *''are'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''nu'' 'louse' < *niman Tairora language: *''ato'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''ir'' 'tree' < *inda *''(n)am'' 'breast' < *amu *''nume'' 'louse' < *niman *''kubu'' 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- Fore language: *''na-'' 'eat' < *na- *''numaa'' 'louse' < *niman *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- *''amune'' 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka *''kasa'' 'new' < *kVndak *''mone'' 'nose' < *mundu Gende language: *''ami'' 'breast' < *amu *''mut'' 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs' *''mina-'' 'stay' < *mVna- *''nogoi'' 'water < * k *''(tu)nima'' 'louse' < *niman *''me-'' 'give' < *mV- Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms: * *tá a'1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu * *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja *genitive forms ending in *-i


Vocabulary comparison

Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).Foley, William A. (1986).
The Papuan Languages of New Guinea
'. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Despite the presence of reconstructions in the left column, the words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. ''ya'', ''yafa'', ''yava'' for “tree”) or not (e.g. ''tuva'', ''logo'', ''hali'' for “fire”). : Kainantu basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986): :


Proto-languages

Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:Usher, Timothy. 2020
North Kainantu
''New Guinea World''. Accessed 20210-01-19.
:


See also

* East New Guinea Highlands languages, an expansion of Kainantu–Goroka in Wurm 1975, which was later abandoned by Ross due to a lack of unifying morphological data.


Bibliography

* * Ross, Malcolm. 2014
Proto-Kainantu-Goroka
''TransNewGuinea.org''. * Ross, Malcolm. 2014
Proto-Goroka
''TransNewGuinea.org''. * Ross, Malcolm. 2014
Proto-Kainantu
''TransNewGuinea.org''.
Proto-Eastern Kainantu-Goroka
''TransNewGuinea.org''. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Proto-Eastern-Central Gorokan
''TransNewGuinea.org''. From Scott, G. 1978. The Fore language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.


References


External links

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World
Kainantu
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kainantu-Goroka languages Languages of Papua New Guinea Morobe–Eastern Highlands languages