Languages
The constituent Kainantu and Goroka families are clearly valid groups, and both William A. Foley and Timothy Usher consider their TNG identity to be established. The languages are: * Goroka family ** Daulo *** Siane, Yaweyuha *** Gahuku: Alekano (Gahuku), Asaro River: Dano (Upper Asaro), Tokano (Lower Asaro) ** Benabena ** South Goroka: Fore, Gimi ** Isabi, Gende ** Henganofi *** Abaga *** Kamono (Kamano) *** Fayatina River **** Kanite, Inoke-Yate **** Yagaria ***(? Ke’yagana) ubsumed under another language by Usher* Kainantu family ** Kenati **Tairoric (East Kainantu): Binumarien (Afaqina), Tairoa (North Tairora, Omwunra, Vinaata), Waffa ** Gauwa (West Kainantu) *** Gadsup (Oyana, Akuna, Ontenu), Agarabi, Kambaira *** Awa, Oweina ***Auyana: Awiyaana (incl. Kosena), UsarufaPronouns
The pronouns reconstructed by Ross (2005) for proto-Kainantu–Goroka, proto-Kainantu, and proto-Goroka are as follows: : The possessive forms are: :Modern reflexes
Kainantu–Goroka reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Awa language: *''are'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''nu'' 'louse' < *niman Tairora language: *''ato'' 'ear' < *kand(e,i)k(V] *''ir'' 'tree' < *inda *''(n)am'' 'breast' < *amu *''nume'' 'louse' < *niman *''kubu'' 'short' < *k(a,u)tu(p,mb)aC *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- Fore language: *''na-'' 'eat' < *na- *''numaa'' 'louse' < *niman *''mi-'' 'give' < *mV- *''amune'' 'egg' < *mun(a,i,u)ka *''kasa'' 'new' < *kVndak *''mone'' 'nose' < *mundu Gende language: *''ami'' 'breast' < *amu *''mut'' 'belly' < *mundun 'internal organs' *''mina-'' 'stay' < *mVna- *''nogoi'' 'water < * k *''(tu)nima'' 'louse' < *niman *''me-'' 'give' < *mV- Innovations in proto-Kainantu-Goroka replacing proto-Trans-New Guinea forms: * *tá a'1pl' replaces pTNG *ni, *nu * *tá-na '2pl' replaces pTNG *ŋgi, *ja *genitive forms ending in *-iVocabulary comparison
Gorokan basic vocabulary from William A. Foley (1986).Foley, William A. (1986).Proto-languages
Some lexical reconstructions of Proto-East Kainantu and Proto-North Kainantu by Usher (2020) are:Usher, Timothy. 2020See also
* East New Guinea Highlands languages, an expansion of Kainantu–Goroka in Wurm 1975, which was later abandoned by Ross due to a lack of unifying morphological data.Bibliography
* * Ross, Malcolm. 2014References
External links
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World