''Women's World'' () was a women's magazine that was published in Turkey from 4 April 1913, after the

Balkan Wars The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkans, Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg), Greece, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Montenegro, M ...

, until 1921. The founder of the magazine was Nuriye Ulviye Mevlan Civelek. It was published by women writers in the Ottoman Society for the Defence of Women's Rights (Turkish: Osmanlı Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Nisvan Cemiyeti). The magazine's purpose was to increase women's rights and freedoms, to raise awareness of women and to enable them to be active in work and social life. It was the first explicitly feminist magazine of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, and the first to publish photographs of Ottoman Muslim women.Çakır, Serpil (2016). ''Kadınların Özyaşam Öykülerinde Kadınlık ve Öğretmenlik Kimliklerinin Kuruluşu: Emekli Kadın Öğretmenlerle Mikro Düzlemde Bir Sözlü Tarih Çalışması''. p. 135. The first 100 issues of ''Women's World'', copies of which are in the archives of the Women's Works Library and Information Center Foundation, were transliterated into

Roman script The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia. The Gree ...

and republished by the foundation in 2009.Demircioğlu, Tülay; Büyükkarcı Yılmaz, Fatma (2009). ''Kadınlar Dünyası: 1. – 50. Sayılar (Yeni Harflerle) 1913–1921''. İstanbul: Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi ve Bilgi Merkezi Vakfı. .Demircioğlu, Tülay; Büyükkarcı Yılmaz, Fatma (2009). ''Kadınlar Dünyası: 51. – 100. Sayılar (Yeni Harflerle) 1913–1921''. İstanbul: Kadın Eserleri Kütüphanesi ve Bilgi Merkezi Vakfı. .

Background

Building on the societal change that took place through the

Tanzimat The (, , lit. 'Reorganization') was a period of liberal reforms in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Edict of Gülhane of 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. Driven by reformist statesmen such as Mustafa Reşid Pash ...

and the

Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. ...

, education beyond primary school became available to women for the first time, and women started to be more active in the Turkish press. The Ottoman women's movement began to demand rights, in particular working to increase women's access to education and paid work, to abolish polygamy, and to reform dress codes, especially with respect to the peçe, an

Islamic veil Hijab (, ) refers to head coverings worn by Muslim women. Similar to the mitpaḥat/tichel or snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women, such as the hanging veil, apostolnik and kapp, a ...

Founding

In April 1913 Nuriye Ulviye Mevlan Civelek founded ''Women's World'' magazine with the legacy of her husband, Hulusi Bey. Civelek also established the Ottoman Society for the Defense of Women's Rights (also translated as the Association for the Defence of the Rights of Ottoman Women, in

Turkish Turkish may refer to: * Something related to Turkey ** Turkish language *** Turkish alphabet ** Turkish people, a Turkic ethnic group and nation *** Turkish citizen, a citizen of Turkey *** Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire * The w ...

: ''Osmanlı Müdâfaa-i Hukuk-ı Nisvan Cemiyeti''), to campaign for new rights and a freer social life for women. The association was established either in 1912 or 1913. ''Women's World'' called on all women to fight for their rights, with a stated goal 'to defend the rights and interests of womanhood'. The first issue of the magazine explained their position:

"Until our rights are recognised in public law, until men and women are equal in every profession, ''Kadınlar Dünyası'' will not welcome men in its pages... Yes, some of the Ottoman men defend us Ottoman women. We see that and we thank them. However, we Ottoman women have our own ways and manners, and male writers can understand neither this, nor our psychology. Let them please leave us alone and not make toys for their dreams out of us. We can defend our rights by our own efforts." (Kadınlar Dünyası Editorial 1913).

Publication

The first issue of the magazine was published on 4 April 1913, and it appeared daily for the first hundred issues. Initially, each issue was four-pages, without pictures. After the 100th issue, the journal had 16 pages with illustrations, and was published weekly. The magazine broke new ground as the first to publish photographs of Ottoman Muslim women. The magazine owned their own printing press, and all staff from the editor, the writers, the typesetters and the printers, were women. After it was printed in the Serbesti Printing House in Binbirdirek, it was distributed centrally in the Marifet Library in

Beşiktaş Beşiktaş () is a district and municipality of Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its area is 18 km2 and its population is 175,190 (2022). It is located on the European shore of the Bosphorus strait. It is bordered on the north by Sarıyer and ...

, and then local distribution and sales were made in similar libraries. The French influence in the Ottoman Empire was also reflected in the magazine, and the French name "Monde Féminin" was placed on the bottom corner of the cover. A French supplement was given for a short time between issues 121 and 128. The reason for this supplement is explained in the magazine as "to ensure the mutual dialogue of our brothers and sisters in Europe". Although there is no exact information about the circulation of ''Women's World'', an advertisement published in the 165th issue gives clues; the advertisement announces that 3,000 copies of the magazine will be printed due to paper shortages and that readers should subscribe to avoid the trouble of finding the magazine. Considering the war conditions of the period, this number is remarkable. The editor-in-chief of the magazine was Emine Seher Hanim until the 108th issue. Regular contributors included Mükerrem Belkıs, Atiye Şükran, Aliye Cevat, Safiye Büran, Aziz Haydar (1881–?), Nimet Cemil, Meliha Cenan, Belkıs Şevket, Fatma Zerrin, Seniye Ata, Sacide and Mes'adet Bedirhan. Haydar also opened and financed a private school for girls.

''Women's World'', which was written by and for women, included a large number of advertisements, as well as editorials, essays, short tales, translations, and audience letters, all of which addressed women's duties and problems. In contrast to other magazines aimed at women at the time, it drew contributions from women from all sectors of society. The focus of the magazine was the visibility of women in social life, participation in working life, reorganization of the rules on clothing outside the home, improving the education of girls, providing higher education for women, preventing marriages by arrangement, and improving the family. The magazine, which is a pioneering example of the struggle for independent and solidarity women in the Ottoman Empire, is noteworthy not only for its openness to women writers but also for its wide coverage of letters from its readers, which led to a diversity of viewpoints and the opportunity to respond to readers' concerns.

Closure

The Istanbul Library has 204 issues of ''Women's World'' in their catalogue. The last issue was published on 21 May 1921.

Reception and legacy

''Women's World'' advocated a "women's revolution" that would protect the rights of every woman, regardless of nationality, religion or social status. Considering the nationalist environment of the period, triggered especially by the

, the importance of this principle can be understood. In this respect, ''Women's World'' differs from other women's publications of the period, such as ''Ladies' Mahsus Gazette'', which were dominated by nationalist rhetoric and that only accepted contributions from intellectual women. For this reason, ''Women's World'' is considered the first feminist publication in the Ottoman Empire. Historian Serpil Çakır considers ''Kadınlar Dünyası'' "the most radical of the Ottoman women’s journals, in that it did not allow male writers to write in its columns". ''Women's World'' uses the word "feminism" as well as "Hukuk-i nisvan" (women's rights) and gives wide coverage of discussions on feminism. In response to the criticisms directed at the magazine by men that feminism is a word of foreign origin and therefore “not a concept belonging to this culture”, it replied that words such as “telegraph” and “tram” are not Turkish, but are adopted and used by everyone.Çakır, Serpil (2016). ''Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi''. İstanbul: Metis. p. 407. . ''Women's World'' advocated for women's rights in general but also ran campaigns on specific issues. As a result of one such campaign, seven women telephone operators were employed at the national telephone company. A campaign centred around ''Women's World'' to allow women access to higher education led directly to the opening of The Women's University ''İnas Dârülfunûnu'' (now a part of

Istanbul University Istanbul University, also known as University of Istanbul (), is a Public university, public research university located in Istanbul, Turkey. Founded by Mehmed II on May 30, 1453, a day after Fall of Constantinople, the conquest of Constantinop ...

) in September 1914, followed by the Academy of Fine Arts for Women, ''İnas Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi''. The magazine received attention, congratulations and encouragement from the foreign press, and reporters

Grace Ellison Grace Mary Ellison (13 May 1880 – 3 October 1935) was a British journalist. She wrote several books about Turkey. Though not herself a trained nurse, she was founder of the French Flag Nursing Corps during World War I. Early life Grace Mary El ...

from ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...

'' and Odette Feldman from the ''

Berliner Tageblatt The ''Berliner Tageblatt'' or ''BT'' was a German language newspaper published in Berlin from 1872 to 1939. Along with the '' Frankfurter Zeitung'', it became one of the most important liberal German newspapers of its time. History The ''Berli ...

'' visited the editorial offices. Ulviye Mevlan's husband, journalist Mevlanzade Rıfat, also established the magazine ''Men's World'' (Turkish Erkekler Dünyası) in order to support women's struggle for rights, although only one issue of the magazine was published. In 2009, the first 100 issues of ''Women's World'' were transliterated into Roman script and republished by the Women's Works Library and Information Center Foundation.

References

{{reflist Defunct women's magazines published in the Ottoman Empire Magazines established in 1913 Magazines disestablished in 1921 1913 establishments in the Ottoman Empire 1921 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire Defunct magazines published in Turkey Feminism in Turkey Defunct feminist magazines Defunct magazines published in Istanbul First-wave feminism Defunct Turkish-language magazines