Judeo-Tat literature is the literature of the

Mountain Jews Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews ( he, יהודי קווקז ''Yehudey Kavkaz'' or ''Yehudey he-Harim''; russian: Горские евреи, translit=Gorskie Yevrei ...

in the

Juhuri Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (''cuhuri'', , ) is the traditional language of the Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan and Dagestan, now mainly spoken in Israel. The language is a dialect of Persian which belongs to the s ...

language.

History

Judeo-Tat literature is rich in folklore. The most popular narrators of folklore at the beginning of the 20th century were Mardahai Ovsholum (1850-1925), Shaul Simandu (1856-1939), Khizgil Dadashev (1860-1945) and Aibolo of Tarki. In 1904 Rabbi Yeshayahu Rabinovich was among the first to create literary works in the Juhuri language for a

Judeo-Tat theatre The Judeo-Tat Theatre in Derbent, Dagestan, Russia specializes in staging plays with themes related to the lives of Mountain Jews, which are created mainly by Mountain Jews. The plays are performed in the Judeo-Tat language (Juhuri). The foundin ...

group in the city of

Derbent Derbent (russian: Дербе́нт; lez, Кьвевар, Цал; az, Дәрбәнд, italic=no, Dərbənd; av, Дербенд; fa, دربند), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea. It is ...

. In the 1920s, theatre was the main form of Judeo-Tat literature. Playwrights who wrote for the first Mountain-Jewish amateur theatrical troupes include

Yakov Agarunov Yakov Agarunov (russian: Агарунов Яков Михайлович , translit=; he, יעקב אגארונוב; 25 April 1907 – 31 May 1992) was a Mountain Jew poet, playwright, political and public figure of Azerbaijan, author of the new ...

(1907-1992), (

:''Падшох, рабби ва ошир'') - "Tsar, rabbi and the rich man", Herzl Gorsky (Ravvinovich) (1904 -1937?), (Juhuri:''Бахар дас баба-дадай'') - "The fruits of the hands of the father and mother", P. Shcherbatov, (Juhuri:''Кук савдогар-революционер'') - "The merchant's son is a revolutionary" and Yuno Semenov (1899-1961), who wrote plays (Juhuri:''Амалданэ илчи'') - "The wise matchmaker", 1924, (Juhuri:''Дю алатфуруххо'') - "Two junkies", 1924 and (Juhuri:''Махсюм'') - "Makhsum", 1927. Since the appearance on June 3, 1928 in Derbent of a newspaper in the Judeo-Tat language ''Захметкеш'' - "The Toiler", whose editor-in-chief was Asail Binaev (1882-1958), one of the first mountain-Jewish professional literati; poems in the Judeo-Tat language began publishing regularly. All the mountain-Jewish poets of the 1920s - Ehil Matatov (1888-1943), Rachamim Ruvinov (1893-1955), Yakov Agarunov, Boris Gavrilov (1908-1990), Neten Solomonov and Z. Nabinovich - were poets of Civic poetry. The theme of women's equality recurs throughout poetry of Yakov Agarunov (

:''Духдар доги'') - "Mountain Girl", 1928, Iskhog Khanukhov (1903-1973) (Juhuri:''Джофокашэ дадай'') - "Mother-toiler" and (Juhuri:''Ай зан Мизрах'') - "About the Woman of the East", both were written in 1928, a series of poems were written by Ehil Matatov (1888-1943) and Boris Gavrilov. By the end of the 20th century have started the formation and development of the Mountain-Jewish artistic prose. One of its founders was Yuno Semenov. His biggest story was (

:''Ошнахой ан раби Хасдил'') - "Familiar people of Rabbi Hasdil", 1928-29. In the early 1930s was formed a Mountain Jewish literary circle in Moscow, headed by I. Ben-Ami (Benyaminov) (? - 1937?). The poet, playwright and prose writer

Mishi Bakhshiev Mishi Bakhshiev (russian: Бахшиев Миши Юсупович, translit=; he, מישה בקשייב; born October 10, 1910 – 1972) was a Soviet writer and poet of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in languages of the Mountain Jews (Juhuri) a ...

(1910-1972), poets

Manuvakh Dadashev Manuvakh Dadashev (russian: Манувах Мардахаевич Дадашев, translit=; he, מנוחוב דדשב; 1913–1943) was a Soviet poet of Mountain Jews, Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in a language of the Mountain Jew (Judeo-Tat, J ...

(1913-1943) and Daniel Atnilov (1913-1968), the first professional literary translator Zovolun Bakhshiev (1896-1968) and others quickly took the leading place in the Judeo-Tat literature. In the mid-1930s, this literary circle in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

stopped to function. From the end of 1934 until the termination of publishing and cultural activities in the Judeo-Tat language in

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

in 1938, a circle of the Judeo-Tat literature existed in

Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world a ...

under the newspaper ''Kommunist'' (editor-in-chief Yakov Agarunov) and the Mountain-Jewish department of the Azerbaijan State Publishing House, which was headed by Yakov Agarunov and Yuno Semenov. In 1932, a poet Mishi Bakhshiev wrote his first book - "Komsomol", the main theme was of the social disintegration of the Mountain Jews. Other his work theme were about the involvement of a Mountain-Jewish woman to

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

reality (

:''Ма‘ни духдару'') - "Song of a Girl", 1933, (Juhuri:''Рапорт'') - "Report", 1933 and (Juhuri:''Хумор'') - "Gamble", 1933-34. In the second half of the 1930s the playwright Mishi Bakhshiev wrote a play (Juhuri:''Бесгуни игидхо'') - "Victory of the Heroes", 1936, about the

civil war A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North C ...

. It was the first heroic drama in the Judeo-Tat language. Later Mishi Bakhshiev wrote (Juhuri:''Хори'') - "Earth", 1939 and in 1940, he created a play in verse for folklore motifs: (Juhuri:''Шох угли, шох Аббас ва хомбол Хасан'') - "Shah's son, Shah Abbas and loader Hasan". Bakhshiyev first novel was (Juhuri:''Э пушорехьи тозе зиндегуни'') - "Towards a New Life", 1932, in which he followed the Azerbaijani narrative models. The second, his biggest story was (Juhuri:''Ватагачихо'') - ("Fishermen", 1933, about the life of the Mountain Jewish fishermen from Derbent. A poet Dubiya Bakhshiev (1914-1993) in his poem (

:''Занхо а колхоз'') - "Woman in the collective farm", 1933, combines the theme of women with the theme of the creation of the Mountain-Jewish

collective farms Collective farming and communal farming are various types of, "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise". There are two broad types of communal farms: agricultural cooperatives, in which member- ...

. In the dramaturgy of the 1930s, a significant role continues to play Yuno Semenov who wrote his drama (Juhuri:''Дю бирор'') - "Two brothers". In the late 1930s novelist, poet and playwright Hizgil Avshalumov published a large story (

:''Басгуни джовонхо'') - "The Victory of the Young", 1940, it appeared with essays and feuilletons. Avshalumov dedicated a number of his works to the modern hero of the Mountain Jewish’s village (Juhuri:''Маслахат на хингар'') - "Council and Khinkal", (Juhuri:''Аджал занхо'') - "Death to wives", (Juhuri:''Шюваран дю хову'') - "Bigamist”, essays about the

Hero of Socialist Labour The Hero of Socialist Labour (russian: links=no, Герой Социалистического Труда, Geroy Sotsialisticheskogo Truda) was an honorific title in the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact countries from 1938 to 1991. It repre ...

Gyulboor Davydov (1892-1983) and Solomon (Shelmun) Rabaev (1916-1963) and others. The story (Juhuri:''Занбирор'') - "Sister-in-law" is about the life of the Mountain Jews social elite in Derbent on the eve and during the

revolution In political science, a revolution (Latin: ''revolutio'', "a turn around") is a fundamental and relatively sudden change in political power and political organization which occurs when the population revolts against the government, typically due ...

and in the first years of Soviet Union power. In his novel (Juhuri:''Кук гудил'') - "The son of the mummer", 1974, Avshalumov gave the detailed description of the Mountain Jew farmer and his centuries old traditional way of life. Later, Hizgil Avshalumov created a folklore image of the witty (Juhuri:''Шими Дербенди'') - Shimi from

(Mountain Jewish analogue of

Hershel of Ostropol Hershel of Ostropol ( yi, הערשעלע אסטראפאלער, translit=Hershele Ostropoler, Little Hersh of Ostropol; 1757–1811) is a prominent figure in Jewish humor. Hershel was a prankster from Ostropol, Crown Poland (now Ukraine), who liv ...

) The

Great Purge The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Nikolay Yezhov, Yezhov'), was General ...

of 1936-38 caused a cruel blow to the Judeo-Tat literature. Herzl Gorsky (Ravvinovich), Ekhil Matatov, I. Ben-Ami (Benyaminov, I.) and Asail Binaev were arrested. With the exception of Asail Binaev they all have died in the Soviet Union prisons and

camps Camps may refer to: People *Ramón Camps (1927–1994), Argentine general *Gabriel Camps (1927–2002), French historian *Luís Espinal Camps (1932–1980), Spanish missionary to Bolivia *Victoria Camps (b. 1941), Spanish philosopher and professor ...

. During the

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

years of the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

with

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

(1941-45), most figures of the Judeo-Tat literature were drafted into the army. Poet Manuvakh Dadashev was killed at war. During the four years of the war, not a single literary and artistic book in the Judeo-Tat language was published. In 1940s the authorities closed in Derbent the Mounted Jewish newspaper (

:''Захметкеш'') - "The Toiler". From 1946 to the end of 1953 the Judeo-Tat literature existed only implicitly. All these years the Mountain-Jewish section of the writers' organization did not function, and the creative issues of the Judeo-Tat literature disappeared from the agenda of the Dagestan Writers' Union. Only at the end of 1953 the publication of a small collection of poems by

Daniil Atnilov Daniil Atnilov (russian: Даниил Атнилович Атнилов, translit=; he, דניאל אטנילוב; born 1913 – 1968) was a Soviet poet of Mountain Jew origin. He wrote in a language of the Mountain Jew (Juhuri). He was a USSR ...

(Juhuri:''Чихрат вахд'') - "The Image of Time" renewed the functioning of the Judeo-Tat literature as one of the literatures of Dagestan. Since 1955 began to appear in the Judeo-Tat language almanac (

:''Ватан советиму'') - "The Soviet Homeland". In 1946, in Dagestan, the circle of readers of the Jewish-Tat literature is constantly narrowing due to the termination of school education in the Jewish-Tat language. Since the 1950s, prose has been predominant in the Judeo-Tat literature. The leading role in it belongs to Misha Bakhshiyev and Hizgil Avshalumov. Mishi Bakhshiyev originally published his works in Russian ("Stories about My Countrymen", 1956, a collection of essays and short stories "Simple People", 1958 and "Noisy gardens", 1962). In these books, the author spoke not so much specifically as the Mountain-Jewish, but as a general Dagestan writer. In 1963 Mishi Bakhshiyev published a novel (Juhuri:''Хушахой онгур'') - "Bunches of grapes". The Judeo-Tat children writer in the post-Stalin period was Amaldan (Amal) Kukullu (1935-2000). He released a collection of stories (

:''Синемиши'') - "Testing", 1968, and others. Poetry in the Jewish-Tat literature of the 1950s-70s was mostly from achievements of the 1930s. Most prolific and famous poet of that period was Daniil Atnilov. Permanently living in Moscow, in isolation from the everyday elements of the Mountain-Tat language. His collection (Juhuri:''Гюлхой инсони'') - "The Color of Mankind", 1971 was published posthumously that summarized his work of the 1950-60s. A number of poets of the 20th century created their works in the Juhuri language, such as

Sergey Izgiyayev Sergey Davidovich Izgiyayev (russian: Сергей Давидович Изгияев; he, סרגיי איזגיאייב; born 24 November 1922 – 27 July 1972) was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers, the author of nine books of poetry and f ...

, created poems and plays: (

:Иму гъэлхэнд шолуминим) - We are the defenders of the World (1952), (Juhuri:Фикиргьой шогьир) - Thoughts of the Poet (1966), (Juhuri:Муьгьбет ве гьисмет) - The fate and love (1972) and a number of other works. Shimshun Safonov, in 1968, created a collection of poetry (Juhuri:''Парза, ма‘ни ма'') - "Fly, my verse". Poetess Zoya Semenduev released a collection (Juhuri:''Войгей дуьл'') - "The Command of the Heart". In 2007, published the book (Juhuri: ''Духдер эн дуь бебе'') "Daughter of two fathers", which includes the play of the same name and fairy tales. At the end of the 20th century, a number of the Mountain Jewish writers wrote only in Russian, such as the poet Lazar Amirov (1936-2007), novelist Felix Bakhshiev (1937), literary critic and novelist Manashir Azizov (1936-2011), and Asaf Mushailov. Asaf Mushailov, in 2017 published the book "Poems Poems Stories".Asaf Mushailov, writer. Newspaper "Youth of Dagestan"
/ref>

Literature

* Agarunov Ya.M., Tat (Jewish) - Russian dictionary. M., 1997. * Anisimov I.Sh., Caucasian Jews - Highlanders. - M .: "Science", 2002. * Anisimov I.Sh., Caucasian Jews - Highlanders, newspaper. "Rassvet", No 18. - SPb., April 30, 1881. * Berg., Caucasian Jews, Caucasus, # 250, 1895. * Garkavi, A. Ja. (1874). Skazaniia evreiskikh pisatelei o khazarskom tsarstve (Accounts by Jewish writers of the Khazar empire). St. Petersburg. * Grunberg A.L. The language of the North Azerbaijani Tats. L., 1963. * Grunberg A. L., Davydova L. Kh. Tat language, in the book: Fundamentals of Iranian linguistics. New Iranian languages: Western group, Caspian languages. M., 1982. * Kurdov, K. M. (1907). Gorskie evrei Dagestana (Mountain Jews of Daghestan). Moscow. * Hebrew languages and dialects // Brief Jewish Encyclopedia - Jerusalem: Society for the Study of Jewish Communities, 1982. - Volume 2, columns 417. * Miller V.F. Materials for studying the

Judeo-Tat Judeo-Tat or Juhuri (''cuhuri'', , ) is the traditional language of the Mountain Jews of the eastern Caucasus Mountains, especially Azerbaijan and Dagestan, now mainly spoken in Israel. The language is a dialect of Persian which belongs to the s ...

language. SPb., 1892. * Miller V.F. Essays on the morphology of the Hebrew- Tat dialect. SPb., 1892.

Mountain Jewish authors

(1913–1968) * Hizgil Avshalumov (1913–2001) *

(1910–1972) *

(1913–1943) * Boris Gavrilov (1908–1990) * Mikhail Gavrilov (1926–2014) *

(1922–1972) *

(1907–1992) * Yuno Semyonov (1899–1961) *

Zoya Semenduyeva Zoya Yunoevna Semenduyeva (russian: Зоя Юноевна Семендуева, translit=; he, זויה סמנדואב; born 20 October 1929 – 9 April 2020) was a Soviet Union, Soviet and Israeli poet. She wrote in a language of the Mountain J ...

(1929–2020)

References

External links

Mountain JewsThe Mountain JewsMountain Jews
{{Authority control Russian literature Azerbaijani literature Jewish literature Literature by language Lists of writers by language az:Dağ yəhudiləri ədəbiyyatı es:Literatura juhuri fr:Littérature juhuri he:ספרות ג'וחורי it:Letteratura giudeo-tat ja:ユダヤ・タート語文学 pt:Literatura tat-judeu tr:Churi edebiyatı zh:猶太-塔特語文學