Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem
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Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem (22 November 1709 - 2 September 1789) was a German Lutheran theologian during the
Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment or the Enlightenment; german: Aufklärung, "Enlightenment"; it, L'Illuminismo, "Enlightenment"; pl, Oświecenie, "Enlightenment"; pt, Iluminismo, "Enlightenment"; es, La Ilustración, "Enlightenment" was an intel ...
. He was also known as "Abt Jerusalem". He was court-preacher and a major advisor to Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, to whom he suggested the foundation of the Collegium Carolinum in 1745 - this was the forerunner of the present-day
TU Braunschweig The Technische Universität Braunschweig (unofficially University of Braunschweig – Institute of Technology), commonly referred to as TU Braunschweig, is the oldest ' (comparable to an institute of technology in the American system) in Germany. ...
. He also had a strong influence on the
Duchy of Brunswick The Duchy of Brunswick (german: Herzogtum Braunschweig) was a historical German state. Its capital city, capital was the city of Braunschweig, Brunswick (). It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel ...
's educational policy as well as becoming one of the most important German theologians of his era. He is considered one of the heads of the German school of
natural theology Natural theology, once also termed physico-theology, is a type of theology that seeks to provide arguments for theological topics (such as the existence of a deity) based on reason and the discoveries of science. This distinguishes it from ...
, which radically departed from conventional Lutheran theological dogma. His main work, "Reflections on the Noble Truths of Religion" looked into speculative-universalist philosophy of history and harmonised salvation history with the secular history of progress.


Life

Born in
Osnabrück Osnabrück (; wep, Ossenbrügge; archaic ''Osnaburg'') is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony. It is situated on the river Hase in a valley penned between the Wiehen Hills and the northern tip of the Teutoburg Forest. With a population ...
, he was the son of the town's Lutheran pastor. On his father's death in 1726, he went to study theology at
Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...
and
Wittenberg Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon language, Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the Ri ...
, graduating with a master's degree in 1731. He then spent two years in the
Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography ...
before his return to Germany in 1734. He was given a court position in
Göttingen Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
in 1737 before spending several years in England. He then became a private tutor in the household of
Friedrich von Spörcken August Friedrich von SpörckenKlaus Mlynek: ''SPÖRCKEN, August Friedrich von'' (in german), in ''Hannoversches Biographisches Lexikon'', p. 342onlineby Google Books (1698–1776) was a Hanoverian soldier best known for his service in the Seven ...
in Hannover and then in 1742 he was summoned to the Brunswick court, where he became court preacher and tutor to the Duke's son and heir
Charles William Ferdinand Charles William Ferdinand (german: Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader. His titles are usually shortened to Duke of Brunswi ...
. In 1742 he married Martha Christina (née Pfeiffer), widow of a man whose surname was Albrecht. They had five children, including Karl Wilhelm, whose 1772 suicide provided part of the inspiration for Goethe's ''
The Sorrows of Young Werther ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'' (; german: Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) is a 1774 epistolary novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, which appeared as a revised edition in 1787. It was one of the main novels in the ''Sturm ...
''. Jerusalem himself died in Brunswick and is buried in the abbey church at
Riddagshausen Abbey Riddagshausen Abbey (german: Kloster Riddagshausen) was a Cistercian monastery just outside the city of Brunswick in Germany. History It was founded as Marienzelle by Ludolf the Wend, a '' ministerialis'' of Henry the Lion and steward of Brun ...
, of which he had been made abbot in 1752.


Abt Jerusalem-Preis

A prize named after him has been jointly awarded since 2009 by the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick (german: Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig) is a Lutheran church in the German states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. The seat of the Landesbischof (bishop) is Wolfenbüttel. Its d ...
, the
Braunschweig University of Technology Braunschweig () or Brunswick ( , from Low German ''Brunswiek'' , Braunschweig dialect: ''Bronswiek'') is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz Mountains at the farthest navigable point of the river Oker, which connects it to the No ...
and the
Stiftung Braunschweigischer Kulturbesitz The Stiftung Braunschweigischer Kulturbesitz (SBK) was established by ''Gesetz über die Stiftung Braunschweigischer Kulturbesitz'' of 16 December 2004 with effect from 1 January 2005 as a Stiftung öffentlichen Rechts with its seat in Braunsc ...
for "outstanding scientific contributions to the dialogue between theology, biology and technology". Its winners have been: * 2009: Nicole C. Karafyllis * 2012: Wolfgang König * 2015: Gerd de Bruyn * 2017:
Jürgen Osterhammel Jürgen Osterhammel (born 1952 in Wipperfürth, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German historian specialized in Chinese and world history. He is professor emeritus at the University of Konstanz. Academia Osterhammel started his academic career as a ...


Works

* (uncompleted masterwork): Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion (Reflections on the Noble Truths of Religion), 1768–1779, zahlreiche weitere Auflagen; 1770 franz. Übersetzung, ebenso ins Holländische und Schwedische. * Andreas Urs Sommer (ed.): ''Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem: Schriften.''
Reprint A reprint is a re-publication of material that has already been previously published. The term ''reprint'' is used with slightly different meanings in several fields. Academic publishing In academic publishing, offprints, sometimes also known a ...
der Schriften mit einer Einleitung von Andreas Urs Sommer (Historia Scientiarum). ** Band 1: ''Briefe über die Mosaischen Schriften und Philosophie. Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion.'' Erster Theil. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim / Zürich / New York 2007, . ** Band 2: ''Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion.'' Zweyter Theil. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim/ Zürich/ New York 2007, . ** Band 3: ''Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion.'' Zweyten Theils zweyter Band oder viertes Stück. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim/ Zürich/ New York 2007, . ** Band 4: ''Nachgelassene Schriften.'' Erster Theil: ''Fortgesetzte Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion. Hinterlaßne Fragmente.'' Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim/ Zürich/ New York 2007, . ** Band 5: ''Nachgelassene Schriften.'' Zweyter und letzter Theil. Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim/ Zürich/ New York 2007, .


Bibliography (in German)

* * Friedrich Th. Koldewey
''Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm''
In: ''Encyklopädisches Handbuch der Pädagogik.'' 2. Auflage. Beyer & Mann, Langensalza 1906, S. 660–663. * * Fritz Meyen: ''Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem, Abt von Riddagshausen (1709–1789).'' Braunschweigisches Jahrbuch Band 53, 1972, S. 159–182. (mit Bibliografie) * Wolfgang Erich Müller: ''Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem: eine Untersuchung zur Theologie der „Betrachtung über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion“.'' (Theologische Bibliothek Töpelmann, Band 43). de Gruyter, Berlin/ New York 1984, . *
Klaus Erich Pollmann Klaus is a German, Dutch and Scandinavian given name and surname. It originated as a short form of Nikolaus, a German form of the Greek given name Nicholas. Notable persons whose family name is Klaus * Billy Klaus (1928–2006), American baseba ...
(ed.): ''Abt Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem (1709–1789). Beiträge zu einem Colloquium anläßlich seines 200. Todestages.'' (Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Band 32/81). Braunschweig 1991, . *
Eberhard Rohse Eberhard is an old Germanic name meaning the strength or courage of a wild boar. People First name *Eberhard of Friuli (815–866), Duke and key figure in the Carolingian Empire *Eberhard of Béthune (died 1212), Flemish grammarian *Eberhard I, Du ...
: ''Abt Jerusalem als literarische Figur. Darstellung und Bild J.F.W.Jerusalems in historischen Romanen Hermann Klenckes und Wilhelm Raabes.'' In: Pollmann: ''Abt Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem.'' 1991, S. 127–171. * Isa Schikorsky: ''Gelehrsamkeit und Geselligkeit. Abt Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem (1709–1789) in seiner Zeit.'' Ausstellungskatalog. Braunschweig 1989, . * Andreas Urs Sommer: ''Neologische Geschichtsphilosophie. Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalems Betrachtungen über die vornehmsten Wahrheiten der Religion.'' In: ''Zeitschrift für neuere Theologiegeschichte.'' Band 9, 2002, S. 169–217. * Christopher Spehr: ''Aufklärung und Ökumene. Reunionsversuche zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten im deutschsprachigen Raum des späteren 18. Jahrhunderts.'' (Beiträge zur historischen Theologie 132). Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen 2005, , S. 53–84. * *
Horst Weigelt Horst Weigelt (born 1934 in Liegnitz) is a German Protestant theologian. From 1975 to 2002 he was Professor of Historical and Systematic Theology at the Otto Friedrich University of Bamberg. His research focuses on the Reformation, Pietism and Enl ...
: ''Die Beziehungen Lavaters zu Abt Jerusalem und zu anderen Mitgliedern des Collegium Carolinum.'' In ''Pietismus und Neuzeit. Ein Jahrbuch zur Geschichte des neueren Protestantismus.'' Band 20, 1994, S. 173–190.


External links


Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Jerusalem
Zeitgeschichtliche, biographische und bibliographische Informationen *


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jerusalem, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm German abbots 18th-century German Protestant theologians Enlightenment philosophers German Lutheran theologians 1709 births 1789 deaths Clergy from Osnabrück