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''Jääkarhu'' was a Finnish and later
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steam-powered A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be tra ...
icebreaker An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller ...
. Built in 1926 by P. Smit Jr. Shipbuilding and Machine Factory in
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, Netherlands, she was the last and largest steam-powered state-owned icebreaker of Finland. After two decades of successful service, ''Jääkarhu'' was handed over to the Soviet Union as
war reparation War reparations are compensation payments made after a war by one side to the other. They are intended to cover damage or injury inflicted during a war. War reparations can take the form of hard currency, precious metals, natural resources, in ...
in 1945 and renamed ''Sibiryakov''. She remained in service until the 1970s and was broken up in 1972.


Background and construction

When the Treaty of Tartu was signed on 14 October 1920, Finland agreed to return the Russian icebreakers that the Finnish White Guard had seized during the
Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
in 1918. As a result, the largest and most powerful state-owned icebreaker of Finland at that time, ''Wäinämöinen'', was handed over to Estonia in 1922. Since both the size of the ships calling at the Finnish winter ports and the amount of exported goods, especially forest products, had increased considerably since the
First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, there was a definite need for a large and powerful icebreaker. One of the key issues was the beam of the existing icebreakers, , which was not enough for the new ships used to transport goods across the Atlantic Ocean.Laurell 1992, pp. 133–139. In 1923, the state allocated FIM 10 million for the design and development of a new icebreaker based on the experiences gained during the four years that ''Wäinämöinen'' had spent under the Finnish flag. The basic design of the new vessel, which was to have a beam of at least , was awarded to experienced Finnish naval architects K. Albin Johansson and Ossian Tybeck. By June 1923, bids ranging from
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20.2 to 35.5 million had been received from 24 shipyards representing eight nationalities. The most expensive offer was received from the Finnish Sandvikens Skeppsdocka och Mekaniska Verkstads Ab that was already building another new icebreaker, ''Voima'', in Helsinki. In the end, the contract was awarded to the Dutch shipbuilder P. Smit Jr. Shipbuilding and Machine Factory from Rotterdam. The shipyard had recently constructed four ice-strengthened ships for the Finland Steamship Company and the technical director of the company had personally spent several weeks on board the Finnish icebreaker ''Sampo'' during the past winter. The contract for the construction of a new icebreaker was signed on 17 April 1924 after the Dutch government and the town council of Rotterdam agreed to subsidize the construction costs by 175,000
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s, bringing the final cost to ƒ1,563,000 (FIM 26,000,000). She was launched on 26 August 1925Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant (26 August 1925 and 17 January 1926) and Het Centrum (24 December 1925). Excerpts available a
"The building of the Finnish icebreaker Jääkarhu according to the Dutch newspapers in 1925–1926"
Warshipresearch, 10 September 2011.
and given the name ''Jääkarhu'', Finnish for
polar bear The polar bear (''Ursus maritimus'') is a large bear native to the Arctic and nearby areas. It is closely related to the brown bear, and the two species can Hybrid (biology), interbreed. The polar bear is the largest extant species of bear ...
. Curiously, her namesake animal is not a native species to Finland. As the new icebreaker was being built, Captain Johan Rosqvist, who has previously commanded ''Sampo'', was selected as the first captain of the new icebreaker, and in the summer of 1925 he travelled to Rotterdam together with a chief engineer and a second engineer to supervise the construction and outfitting of his new ship. On 13 January 1926 ''Jääkarhu'' was ready for first sea trials in the
North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...
. Although there were still issues with the oil-fired boilers by late February, it was agreed to take the delivery of the new icebreaker on 2 March 1926 and solve the problems later as the winter of 1926 had turned out to be very severe. Despite the best efforts of existing Finnish state-owned icebreakers, the ice conditions in the Gulf of Finland and the Sea of Åland were extremely difficult and vast pack ice fields closed off the shipping lanes outside the island of Utö at the edge of the
Archipelago Sea The Archipelago Sea (, ) is a part of the Baltic Sea between the Gulf of Bothnia, the Gulf of Finland and the Sea of Åland, within Finnish territorial waters. By some definitions it contains the List of archipelagos by number of islands, larges ...
. Although sometimes called the largest and most powerful icebreaker in the world by the press in the 1920s, ''Jääkarhu'' was no match for the Soviet polar icebreakers ''Yermak'' and ''Svyatogor'' that had nearly twice the displacement and over twice the power of the Finnish icebreaker. However, as a Baltic escort icebreaker she was considered better than the giants and was often compared with the Soviet icebreaker ''Lenin'', which was roughly of the same size and was considered a very successful design.Ramsay 1949, p. 320–324.


Career


Early career

''Jääkarhu'' left Rotterdam on 3 March 1926. When the new icebreaker arrived in Finland on 7 March, she was welcomed by a number of icebound ships outside Utö. After ''Sampo'' had arrived from Hanko with the Minister of Commerce and Industry, Tyko Reinikka, other representatives of the state, and members of the press, the newest and largest state-owned icebreaker demonstrated her power by easily overcoming the notorious pack ice fields surrounding the island and escorting a convoy of three merchant ships to the open seas. After spending her first winter escorting ships in the Gulf of Finland, ''Jääkarhu'' arrived in Helsinki on 27 April 1926. In July she was drydocked in
Liepāja Liepāja () (formerly: Libau) is a Administrative divisions of Latvia, state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest city in the Courland region and the third-largest in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an ...
, Latvia, where her bottom was repainted. In 1926, ''Jääkarhu'' became the first Finnish icebreaker to adopt Finnish as the command language. Since the officers and most of the crew spoke Swedish as their first language, this resulted in negative comments from the Swedish-speaking minority, which considered Finnish to be "the language of the peasants", and even concerns about the safety of navigation. Captain Juho Lehtonen, who had replaced Rosqvist in July 1926, even received
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from Swedish-speaking citizens, some of whom questioned his professional competence after a minor collision with a Swedish steamer ''Yrsa'' on 18 January 1927.Laurell 1992, pp. 163–167. With the exception of the winter of 1929, the winters from 1927 until 1939 were relatively mild. Since ''Jääkarhu'' was the most expensive to operate among the Finnish state-owned icebreakers, she saw little action during these years as she was always the last icebreaker to leave, beginning her season Helsinki and then moving to Hanko, and the first one to return.Kaukiainen 1992, p. 114. During very mild winters she was not put into service at all. However, the winter of 1929 was extremely difficult and by February the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...
was covered by ice all the way to the
Danish straits The Danish straits are the straits connecting the Baltic Sea to the North Sea through the Kattegat and Skagerrak. Historically, the Danish straits were internal waterways of Denmark; however, following territorial losses, Øresund and Fehmarn B ...
. Finnish, Swedish and Soviet icebreakers were sent to escort merchant ships through the straits, and on 22 February 1929 ''Jääkarhu'' was ordered to head south with a convoy of ships carrying export goods, assist and escort any icebound ship along the way and return with an inbound convoy to Turku and Hanko. She left on 24 February with a convoy of 12 ships and arrived at the edge of ice near
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on 4 March. After spending a few days assisting ships in the southern Baltic Sea, ''Jääkarhu'' began her journey home on 8 March and arrived in Hanko on 12 March. During the past 15 days she had, in addition to the ships in her own convoys, released and assisted 24 other ships and sailed .Laurell 1992, pp. 176–184.


Second World War

When relations with the Soviet Union deteriorated in late 1939 and the
Winter War The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland. It began with a Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, three months after the outbreak of World War II, and ended three and a half months later with the Moscow Peac ...
began on 30 November 1939, the Finnish state-owned icebreakers were armed and assigned to a wartime icebreaker flotilla. ''Jääkarhu'' was sent to the
Gulf of Bothnia The Gulf of Bothnia (; ; ) is divided into the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea, and it is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea, between Finland's west coast ( East Bothnia) and the northern part of Sweden's east coast ( West Bothnia an ...
to escort ships across the
Sea of Åland The Åland Sea (or the Sea of Åland; , ) is a waterway in the southern Gulf of Bothnia, between Åland and Sweden. It connects the Bothnian Sea with the Baltic Proper, Baltic Sea proper. The western part of the basin is in Swedish territorial w ...
. Although she was often attacked by Soviet bombers, the enemy never scored a direct hit on the icebreaker, giving her a reputation of a lucky ship among the Finnish seafarers. After the Winter War ended with the 1940
Moscow Peace Treaty The Moscow Peace Treaty was signed by Finland and the Soviet Union on 12 March 1940, and the ratifications were exchanged on 21 March. It marked the end of the 105-day Winter War, upon which Finland ceded border areas to the Soviet Union. The ...
, ''Jääkarhu'' opened a channel to the icebound port of Hanko and helped to evacuate the city and the surrounding islands that had been leased to the Soviet Union as a naval base. During the period which later became known as the
Interim Peace The Interim Peace (, ) was a short period in the history of Finland during the Second World War. The term is used for the time between the Winter War and the Continuation War, lasting a little over 15 months, from 13 March 1940 to 24 June 1941. ...
, ''Jääkarhu'' resumed her peacetime duties as an escort icebreaker in the Gulf of Finland.Laurell 1992, pp. 272–274. When the
Continuation War The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II. It began with a Finnish declaration of war on 25 June 1941 and ended on 19 ...
started in June 1941, the state-owned icebreakers were again called to arms. On 13 September 1941, icebreakers ''Tarmo'' and ''Jääkarhu'' participated in
Operation Nordwind Operation Northwind () was the last major German offensive of World War II on the Western Front. Northwind was launched to support the German Ardennes offensive campaign in the Battle of the Bulge, which by late December 1944 had decisively ...
together with Finnish and German naval ships.Laurell 1992, pp. 282–290 The joint Finnish-German distraction manoeuvre was a complete failure. Not only did it fail to achieve its goal – it is uncertain if the Soviet forces even noticed the fleet – but when the ships turned back, paravanes dragged a Soviet naval mine against the hull of Finnish coastal defence ship ''Ilmarinen'', the flagship of the Finnish Navy, which sank in seven minutes following the explosion, claiming 271 lives. During the extremely difficult winter of 1942, ''Jääkarhu'' was paired up with the diesel-electric ''Sisu''. On 2 February 1942, she ran aground while assisting an icebound convoy of six cargo ships, damaging her bow propeller. After returning from a dry dock in
Stockholm Stockholm (; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in Sweden by population, most populous city of Sweden, as well as the List of urban areas in the Nordic countries, largest urban area in the Nordic countries. Approximately ...
, Sweden, ''Jääkarhu'' resumed her duties in the Gulf of Finland, and together with ''Sisu'' she escorted almost 700 merchant ships through the ice-infested waters. The winters of 1943 and 1944 were milder and ''Jääkarhu'', being more expensive to operate than the smaller state-owned icebreakers, was not taken into service. When the Continuation War ended with the signing of the
Moscow Armistice The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War. The Armistice restored the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, with a number of modi ...
on 19 September 1944, Finland was forced to hand over its best ice-strengthened tonnage to the Soviet Union as war reparations. This included the newest steam-powered icebreakers ''Jääkarhu'' and ''Voima''.


Later Soviet service

''Jääkarhu'' and ''Voima'' were officially handed over to the Soviet Union as war reparations on 24 February 1945 after having been stationed in
Leningrad Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
since December 1944. ''Jääkarhu'' was renamed ''Sibiryakov'' after Alexander Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, a Russian explorer of the Arctic regions, and another Russian icebreaker that had been sunk by the German cruiser ''Admiral Scheer'' in August 1942.Laurell 1992, pp. 292–294 During her time under the Soviet flag, ''Sibiryakov'' was a common sight in the
Gulf of Finland The Gulf of Finland (; ; ; ) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and Estonia to the south, to Saint Petersburg—the second largest city of Russia—to the east, where the river Neva drains into it. ...
and her familiar profile was easily recognized by the Finnish seafarers despite her Soviet colors and insignia. In the mid-1950s, she was sent to Rotterdam for modernization, which included installing two radar antennas and adding a new superstructure between the smoke stacks. Being one of the last large steam-powered icebreakers in active service, ''Sibiryakov'' was used in a 1960s Soviet documentary film to represent the steam-powered icebreaker, ''Yermak'', which had been broken up in 1964. She was also used in the 1969 Soviet/Italian film ''The Red Tent'' to represent another Soviet icebreaker, ''Krasin'', which had participated in the rescue mission of
Umberto Nobile Umberto Nobile (; 21 January 1885 – 30 July 1978) was an Italian aviator, aeronautical engineer and Arctic explorer. Nobile was a developer and promoter of semi-rigid airships in the Aviation between the World Wars, years between the two Worl ...
and other survivors of the crash of airship ''Italia'' in 1928. While the original 1917-built icebreaker was still in service at that time, her extensive rebuilding in 1953–1960 had changed the look of the vessel completely and thus a more traditional-looking icebreaker was needed for the role. ''Sibiryakov'' was retired after the winter of 1972 and sold for scrap. As the summer turned to autumn, she left the Baltic Sea for
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, Italy, arriving at the breakers on 16 October 1972.


Technical details

''Jääkarhu'' was long overall and at the waterline. Her hull had a moulded breadth of and was wide at the waterline. Her displacement was 4,836 tons at a draft of . These main dimensions made ''Jääkarhu'' by far the largest icebreaker in service under the Finnish flag at that time – she was more than longer and wider than the second-largest icebreaker, ''Tarmo'', and had more than twice the displacement. Only the old ''Wäinämöinen'', handed over to Estonia in 1922, came close with an overall length of , beam of and displacement of 3,619 tons.Laurell 1992, p. 344. Her bow, which had slightly rounder lines than the previous Finnish icebreakers,Ramsay 1949, pp. 315–324. had a stem angle of 23–25 degrees and her hull, protected by an ice belt up to thick, was divided into eight compartments by watertight transverse bulkheads. With a crew of 47, ''Jääkarhu'' had the largest crew among the Finnish steam-powered icebreakers even though she required less stokers than the older icebreakers due to her oil-fired boilers. ''Jääkarhu'' was also the most powerful steam-powered icebreaker ever commissioned in Finland. Her three triple-expansion steam engines, two with a
maximum continuous rating In electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, the power rating of equipment is the highest power input allowed to flow through particular equipment. According to the particular discipline, the term ''power'' may refer to electrical or ...
of 2,500 ihp driving four-bladed nickel steel propellers weighing about 11 tons eachAdvertisement for Machinefabriek & Scheepswerf van P. Smit Jr. N.V.
/ref> in the stern at 120 rpm, and one turning a third propeller of the same size in the bow at 130 rpm with a maximum continuous rating of 2,600 ihp. However, for short periods of time during icebreaking operations, the combined output of the engines could reach 9,200 ihp. Unlike the previous coal-burning icebreakers, ''Jääkarhu'' had eight oil-fired boilers with mechanical ventilation that consumed 2.5 to 4.5 tons of fuel oil per hour. Although she was the most expensive to operate, and for that reason she was always the last one to enter service and first one to sail back to her summer moorings, her endurance and range were considerably better than those of the older icebreakers since she could hold nearly 1,000 tons of fuel and required refueling only two or three times during normal winters. Like the old ''Wäinämöinen'', ''Jääkarhu'' had a heeling system with two pumps capable of transferring 650 tons of ballast water per hour between side tanks, heeling the vessel up to five degrees in ten minutes. In addition, she had six centrifugal pumps for moving 100 tons of water in five minutes between the fore and aft peak tanks to adjust her trim and release the icebreaker from compressive ice. For escort operations she had a towing winch and a stern notch that was considerably larger than in the older icebreakers. Her single piece cast iron rudder weighed 9 tons.


References


Bibliography

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Jaakarhu (1925) Icebreakers of Finland 1925 ships Ships built in Rotterdam Icebreakers of the Soviet Union