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The Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station ( pt, Estação Ecológica da Juréia-Itatins) is an ecological station (ESEC) in the state of
São Paulo São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the Ga ...
, Brazil. It fully protects a well-preserved area of
Atlantic Forest The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and t ...
and associated ecosystems along the coastal plain and mountains of the south of the state, home to endangered species of mammals and birds. There is however, some threat from illegal gathering of heart of palm.


Location

The Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (ESEC) is divided between the municipalities of Iguape (86.43%),
Itariri Itariri is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 17,598 (2020 est.) in an area of 273.67 km². The elevation is 55 m. Itariri is situated on the BR-101 highway, 18 km west of the coastal city Peruíbe. The municipa ...
(3.62%),
Miracatu Miracatu is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 19,643 (2020 est.) in an area of 1001 km². The elevation is 27 m. The municipality contains part of the Serra do Mar Environmental Protection Area, created in 198 ...
(5.59%),
Peruíbe Peruíbe is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 69,001 (2020 est.) in an area of . Peruíbe is located to the southwest of the city of São Paulo and ...
(4.19%) and Pedro de Toledo (0.17%) in the state of São Paulo. It covers an area of . The ESEC covers part of the coastal plain and mountains between Ilha Comprida to the southwest and Peruíbe to the east. It is east of the SP-322 highway and south of the
BR-116 BR-116 is a federal route of highways of Brazil and the longest highway in the country, with of extension. The road connect Fortaleza, Ceará, one of the largest Northeast Brazil metropolises, to the southern city of Jaguarão, Rio Grande do ...
- BR-101 highway. The Despraiado Sustainable Development Reserve extends into the northwest part of the ESEC. The
Prelado State Park The Prelado State Park ( pt, Parque Estadual do Prelado) is a state park in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Location The Prelado State Park is in the municipality of Iguape, São Paulo. It has an area of . It is in the Atlantic Forest biome. ...
on the coast adjoins the south part of the ESEC. The east of the park adjoins the
Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve ( pt, Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Barra do Una) is a sustainable development reserve in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Location The Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve (R ...
,
Ilha do Ameixal Area of Relevant Ecological Interest The Ilha do Ameixal Area of Relevant Ecological Interest ( pt, Área de Relevante Interesse Ecológico Ilha do Ameixal) is an area of relevant ecological interest in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Location The Ilha do Ameixal Area of Relevant ...
and
Itinguçu State Park The Itinguçu State Park ( pt, Parque Estadual do Itinguçu) is a state park in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Location The Itinguçu State Park covers a group of mountains along the Atlantic coast to the southwest of the town of Peruíbe. T ...
. The
Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge The Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge ( pt, Refúgio de Vida Silvestre das Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama is a wildlife refuge off the south coast of the state of São Paulo Brazil. Location The Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife ...
is offshore to the east of the ESEC. The coastal region of the ESEC contains the Serra da Juréia, an inselberg connected to the mainland by a sandy alluvial plain. It is bounded to the northeast by the Paranapu massif, part of the Serra dos Itatins. Altitudes range from above sea level. The Una do Prelado River is the largest in the region, fed by various streams from the north side of the Serra da Juréia and the Atlantic side of the Serra dos Itatins. The river is tidal for most of its length. The ESEC also holds the basins of the Rio Verde and the
Guaraú River The Guaraú River ( pt, Rio Guaraú) is a river in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Course The basin of the Guaraú River is in the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station. The river flows eastward along the foot of the Serra dos Itatins and enters t ...
.


Environment

Average annual temperature ranges from . Average annual rainfall is . The climate is tropical humid with no dry season. At least of rain falls in the driest month. The main biome is
Atlantic Forest The Atlantic Forest ( pt, Mata Atlântica) is a South American forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte state in the northeast to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and inland as far as Paraguay and t ...
, with ecosystems typically associated with it including pioneer formations of marine influence, beaches, salt marches, rocky shores and lowland and submontane rainforest. There are fields of open "campo" vegetation at the higher levels, and mangroves along the coast. It has one of the best preserved areas of Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Some of the beaches are sheltered between rock formations, while others have long stretches of fine sand. The ESEC provides a sanctuary for rare and threatened species of mammals and birds including
spider monkey Spider monkeys are New World monkeys belonging to the genus ''Ateles'', part of the subfamily Atelinae, family Atelidae. Like other atelines, they are found in tropical forests of Central and South America, from southern Mexico to Brazil. The ...
,
jaguar The jaguar (''Panthera onca'') is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus ''Panthera'' native to the Americas. With a body length of up to and a weight of up to , it is the largest cat species in the Americas and the thi ...
, otter,
capybara The capybaraAlso called capivara (in Brazil), capiguara (in Bolivia), chigüire, chigüiro, or fercho (in Colombia and Venezuela), carpincho (in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) and ronsoco (in Peru). or greater capybara (''Hydrochoerus hydro ...
and
tinamou Tinamous () form an order of birds called Tinamiformes (), comprising a single family called Tinamidae (), divided into two distinct subfamilies, containing 46 species found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. The word "tinamou" comes ...
. The ESEC is mainly threatened by illegal gathering of
heart of palm Heart of palm is a vegetable harvested from the inner core and growing bud of certain palm trees, most notably the coconut (''Cocos nucifera''), juçara (''Euterpe edulis''), açaí palm (''Euterpe oleracea''), palmetto (''Sabal'' spp.), and pe ...
, and to a lesser degree by
illegal logging Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a p ...
and hunting.


History

The Serra dos Itatins State Forest Reserve, preserving a remnant of forest in the Serra dos ltatins, was created by decree 31.650 of 4 August 1958. Part of the Juréia area was chosen by NUCLEBRÁS in the 1980s for the site of two nuclear power plants, Iguape 4 and Iguape 5. NUCLEBRÁS withdrew from the area in 1985 and a campaign was launched to protect the forest. On 20 January 1986 governor André Franco Montoro created the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station by decree 24.646 with an area of about to ensure the integrity of the existing ecosystems. The ESEC incorporated the state forest reserve, lands declared vacant by the state and other lands along the coast of São Paulo state. The main objectives are preservation of nature and conducting scientific research. An area for the Guarani Indians was excluded, as was an area used for agrarian reform. The boundaries were redefined by law 5.649 of 28 April 1987. Law 12.406 of 13 December 2006 redefined the boundaries of the ESEC and reclassified the areas of the Despraiado Sustainable Development Reserve, Itinguçu State Park, Prelado State Park and Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve. It also excluded the areas to the north of the ESEC that were now part of the
Banhados de Iguape Ecological Station The Banhados de Iguape Ecological Station ( pt, Estaco Ecológica dos Banhados de Iguape) is an ecological station in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It protects an area of mangrove swamp. Since 2013 it has been administered as part of the Jur� ...
. The decree created the
Juréia-Itatins Mosaic The Juréia-Itatins Mosaic ( pt, Mosaico Juréia–Itatins) is a protected area mosaic in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It was created in 2006, suspended in 2009 and recreated in 2013. It includes strictly protected and sustainable use conserva ...
of conservation units with about . It included the Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, Itinguçu and Prelado state parks, Despraiado and Barra do Una sustainable development reserves and the
Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge The Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge ( pt, Refúgio de Vida Silvestre das Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama is a wildlife refuge off the south coast of the state of São Paulo Brazil. Location The Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife ...
. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Procurer General of Justice of São Paulo on 11 September 2007. The mosaic was suspended in 2009. A motion was passed on 29 June 2012 repudiating the order for 300 families of traditional residents to withdraw from the ESEC. Law 14982 of 8 April 2013 again altered the limits of the ESEC, re-categorising some areas. These were the Itinguçu State Park, Prelado State Park, Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve and Despraiado Sustainable Development Reserve. The areas called Banhado Pequeno and Banhado Grande with in the Banhados de Iguape Ecological Station were incorporated in the ESEC, as was the area called Colinas Verdes (742 hectares). An area of to the north of the EXEC was excluded. The same law recreated the Juréia-Itatins Mosaic made up of the Jureia-Itatins ESEC, Itinguçu and Prelado state parks, Despraiado and Barra do Una sustainable development reserves and the Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama RVS. The ESEC as of 2016 had an area of . It is part of the Lagamar mosaic.


Notes


Sources

* * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station 1986 establishments in Brazil Ecological stations of Brazil Protected areas of São Paulo (state) Protected areas established in 1986 Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest