Junius (month)

On the ancient Roman calendar, ''mensis Iunius'' or ''Iunius'', also ''Junius'' ( June), was the fourth month, following ''Maius'' ( May). In the oldest calendar attributed by the Romans to Romulus, ''Iunius'' was the fourth month in a ten-month year that began with March ''(Martius,'' " Mars' month"). The month following June was thus called '' Quinctilis'' or '' Quintilis'', the "fifth" month. ''Iunius'' had 29 days until a day was added during the Julian reform of the calendar in the mid-40s BC. The month that followed ''Iunius'' was renamed ''Iulius'' ( July) in honour of Julius Caesar.

Name of the month

In his poem on the Roman calendar, Ovid has three goddesses present three different derivations of the name ''Iunius''. Juno asserts that the month is named for her. Juventas ("Youth") pairs ''Iunius'' with ''Maius'': the former, she says, comes from ''junior'', "a younger person", in contrast to ''maiores'' or the "elders" for whom May was named. Juno's own name may derive from the same root meaning "young", and these two possibilities may be reconcilable. Ovid has Concordia claim that ''Iunius'' comes from ''iungo, iunctus'', "join", in honor of her uniting the Romans and the Sabines. Elsewhere, an even less likely derivation relates the month name to Marcus Iunius Brutus, a member of the '' gens Iunia'' who made the first sacrifice to Dea Carna on the Kalends (June 1).

Iconography

Month illustrations that draw on the Calendar of Filocalus (354 AD) show a nude male holding a torch that may be an allegory of the summer solstice. ''Solstitium'' is noted on June 24 of the calendar. The torch may be a reference to ''dies lampadarum'', "day of torches", variously interpreted as the sun's rays or as the torch of Ceres, the grain goddess who carried a torch while searching for her abducted daughter Proserpina. The solstice marked the beginning of the harvest, which is represented by the basket of fruit and a sickle. The plant may be a bean, since June 1 was the " Bean Kalends".

Dates

The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the 1st through the last day. Instead, they counted back from the three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st) of the following month. The Nones of June was the 5th, and the Ides the 13th. Roman counting was inclusive; June 9 was ''ante diem V Idūs Iunias'', "the 5th day before the Ides of June," usually abbreviated ''a.d. V Id. Iun.'' (or with the ''a.d.'' omitted altogether). The last day of June was the ''pridie Kalendas Quinctilis'' (''pridie Kalendas Iulias'' after July was renamed), "day before the Kalends of July". The modern equivalent of this date was June 29 on the pre-Julian calendar, but June 30 on the Julian, because June was one of the months to which a day was added in realigning with astronomical time. June 23 was thus ''VIII Kal. Quinct.'', "the 8th day before the Kalends of Quinctilis", during the Republican era, but ''IX Kal. Iul.'', "the 9th day before the Kalends of July", in the Imperial era.

On the calendar of the Republic and early Principate, each day was marked with a letter to denote its religiously lawful status. In June, these were:
* F for '' dies fasti'', days when it was legal to initiate action in the courts of civil law;
* C for ''dies comitalis,'' a day on which the Roman people could hold assemblies ''( comitia)'', elections, and certain kinds of judicial proceedings;
* N for ''dies nefasti'', when these political activities and the administration of justice were prohibited;
* NP, the meaning of which remains elusive, but which marked '' feriae'', public holidays.
By the late 2nd century AD, extant calendars no longer show days marked with these letters, probably in part as a result of calendar reforms undertaken by Marcus Aurelius. The unique Q.ST.D.F. of June 15 stands for , when it was a religious obligation to remove dirt from the Temple of Vesta. Varro specifies the act of sweeping '.

Days were also marked with nundinal letters in cycles of ''A B C D E F G H'', to mark the "market week" (these are omitted in the table below).

Festivals marked in large letters on extant , represented by festival names in all capital letters on the table, are thought to have been the most ancient holidays, becoming part of the calendar before 509 BC. A '' dies natalis'' was an anniversary such as a temple founding or rededication, sometimes thought of as the "birthday" of a deity.

Unless otherwise noted, the dating and observances on the following table are from H.H. Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic''.Scullard, ''Festivals and Ceremonies,'' pp. 126–158. Scullard places the Taurian Games on June 25–26 on a five-year cycle, but other scholars believe these ''ludi'' had no regular date and were held as a crisis ritual when needed. After the Ides, dual dates are given to represent both the earlier calendar, when June had 29 days and July was called ''Quinctilis'', and the 30-day month of the Julian calendar.

References

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June
Months of the Roman calendar
Juno (mythology)