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Juan José Linz Storch de Gracia (24 December 1926 – 1 October 2013) was a German-born Spanish sociologist and
political scientist Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and Power (social and political), power, and the analysis of political activities, political philosophy, political thought, polit ...
specializing in
comparative politics Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the '' comparative method'' or other empirical methods to explore politics both within and between countries. Substantively, this can include questions relat ...
. From 1961 he was
Sterling Professor Sterling Professor, the highest academic rank at Yale University, is awarded to a Academic tenure in North America, tenured faculty member considered the best in their field. It is akin to the rank of distinguished professor at other universities. ...
Emeritus of Sociology and Political Science at
Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
and later also an honorary member of the Scientific Council at the Juan March Institute. He is best known for his work on
authoritarian Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and ...
political regimes and democratization.


Biography

Linz was born in
Bonn Bonn () is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine. With a population exceeding 300,000, it lies about south-southeast of Cologne, in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region. This ...
,
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
in 1926. His mother, of Spanish origin, returned with him to Spain in 1932. He graduated with a degree in law and political science from the
Complutense University of Madrid The Complutense University of Madrid (, UCM; ) is a public research university located in Madrid. Founded in Alcalá in 1293 (before relocating to Madrid in 1836), it is one of the oldest operating universities in the world, and one of Spain's ...
in 1947. He moved to New York in 1950 and was awarded a doctorate in sociology from
Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...
in 1959. He took classes with sociologists Robert K. Merton, Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Staughton Lynd, and Kingsley Davis. He worked closely with
Seymour Martin Lipset Seymour Martin Lipset ( ; March 18, 1922 – December 31, 2006) was an American sociologist and political scientist. His major work was in the fields of political sociology, trade union organization, social stratification, public opinion, and t ...
. He wrote a 900 page dissertation on "The Social Bases of West German Politics". Linz became a professor at Columbia University in 1961 and remained in the faculty until 1969. After a brief stay in Spain to help develop courses for the new Autonomous University of Madrid, he returned to the United States and became a professor at Yale in 1969. He remained at Yale the rest of his life. He was a founding member of the
International Sociological Association The International Sociological Association (ISA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to scientific purposes in the field of sociology and social sciences. It is an international sociological body, gathering both individuals and national sociol ...
's (ISA) Committee of Political Sociology (CPS), along with Lipset, Raymond Aron, Shmuel Eisenstadt, and Stein Rokkan; and was President of the CPS in 1971–1979). He served as President of the Council for European Studies (1973–1974) and President of the World Association of Public Opinion Research (1974–1976). He was a member of ISA's Executive Committee (1974–1982) and its Scientific Committee (1974–1978). As a professor, Linz supervised 65 dissertations. His students include Alfred Stepan, Arturo Valenzuela, Jan T. Gross, Houchang Chehabi, and Miguel A. Centeno.


Personal life

Linz was married to Rocío de Terán. On 1 October 2013, Linz died, aged 86, in
New Haven, Connecticut New Haven is a city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound. With a population of 135,081 as determined by the 2020 United States census, 2020 U.S. census, New Haven is List ...
.


Awards and honors

Linz received the
Prince of Asturias Award The Princess of Asturias Awards (, ), formerly the Prince of Asturias Awards from 1981 to 2014 (), are a series of annual prizes awarded in Spain by the Princess of Asturias Foundation (previously the Prince of Asturias Foundation) to individuals ...
of Social Sciences (1987), the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (1996) and the Karl Deutsch Award (2003), in addition to honorary doctorates from several European universities. Various awards are named after Linz: * The Juan Linz Prize of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) * The Juan Linz Prize for Best Dissertation in the Comparative Study of Democracy, of the Comparative Politics Section of the
American Political Science Association The American Political Science Association (APSA) is a professional association of political scientists in the United States. Founded in 1903 in the Tilton Memorial Library (now Tilton Hall) of Tulane University in New Orleans, it publishes four ...
(APSA)


Academic research

In addition to his work on systems of government, he did extensive research on the breakdowns of
democracy Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitiv ...
and the transition back to a democratic regime. He is the author of many works on the subject, including ''Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes'' (1975/2000), ''The Perils of Presidentialism'' (1990), and ''Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe'' (1996, co-authored with Alfred Stepan). He has been called "one of the finest political sociologists in the world" and was "legendary for the encyclopedic breadth of his knowledge."


''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain''

One of Linz's early works focused on General
Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (born Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and dictator who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces i ...
's Spain and classified Spain's
political regime In politics, a regime (also spelled régime) is a system of government that determines access to public office, and the extent of power held by officials. The two broad categories of regimes are democracy, democratic and Autocracy, autocratic. A ...
as an "authoritarian regime." This was an important innovation because at the time regimes tended to be classified as either democratic or
totalitarian Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition from political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and completely controls the public sph ...
.Juan J. Linz, "An Authoritarian Regime: Spain," pp. 291-341, in Erik Allardt and Yrjö Littunen (eds.), ''Cleavages, Ideologies and Party System. Contributions to Comparative Political Sociology''. Helsinki: Westermarck Society, 1964. Linz defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: * Limited political pluralism, realized with constraints on the
legislature A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial power ...
,
political parties A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific ideological or p ...
and
interest group Advocacy groups, also known as lobby groups, interest groups, special interest groups, pressure groups, or public associations, use various forms of advocacy or lobbying to influence public opinion and ultimately public policy. They play an impor ...
s. * Political legitimacy based upon appeals to emotion and identification of the regime as a necessary evil to combat "easily recognizable societal problems, such as
underdevelopment Underdevelopment, in the context of international development, reflects a broad condition or phenomena defined and critiqued by theorists in fields such as economics, development studies, and postcolonial studies. Used primarily to distinguish s ...
or
insurgency An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare against a larger authority. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric warfare, asymmetric nature: small irregular forces ...
". * Minimal political mobilization, and suppression of anti-regime activities. * Ill-defined executive powers, often vague and shifting, which extends the power of the executive.


''Totalitarianism and Authoritarian Regimes''

In this classic work, published in 1975 and republished in 2000, Juan Linz provides an encyclopedic classification of types of political
regime In politics, a regime (also spelled régime) is a system of government that determines access to public office, and the extent of power held by officials. The two broad categories of regimes are democratic and autocratic. A key similarity acros ...
that develops the fundamental distinction between
totalitarian Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition from political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and completely controls the public sph ...
and
authoritarian Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and ...
systems and also presents a discussion of sultanistic regimes. Republished as This work was foundational to the literature on
authoritarianism Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and ...
. In this work Linz also provides as 'Litmus Test', a list of actions by politicians that can put democracy at risk. The list of actions are: * A refusal to unambiguously disavow violence * A readiness to curtail civil liberties * The denial of legitimacy of an elected government.


''The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes''

''The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes'' is a four volume coedited work with Alfred Stepan, that includes Linz's theoretical volume ''The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Crisis, Breakdown, and Reequilibriation''. Linz focused on "how the people in power in a democratic regime, not just the opponents, played a decisive role in the overthrow of democracy." Regime breakdowns were contingent, non-inevitable events. This work "challenged Marxist theories, which highlighted economic causes, as well as other approaches that focused on opposition groups to explain why democratic regimes collapse."


''Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation''

This work on
democratization Democratization, or democratisation, is the structural government transition from an democratic transition, authoritarian government to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction ...
, with Alfred Stepan, provides a cross-regional comparison of thirteen countries in South America, Southern Europe, and postcommunist Europe. It introduces a novel focus on ''stateness'' problems stemming from nationalist conflicts. It also argues that the type of old non-democratic regime affects subsequent trajectories of democratization. Linz's ideas about the impact of non-democratic regimes on the prospects of transitions to democracy launched a new strand in the literature on political regimes that explores the strengths and weaknesses of different types of authoritarian regimes.Geddes, Barbara; Wright, Joseph; Frantz, Erica (2018). ''How Dictatorships Work.'' Cambridge University Press.


Selected publications

* * * Republished as * Four volumes. * * Two volumes. * * * *


Resources on Juan Linz and his research

* Chehabi, H.E. (ed.), ''Juan J. Linz: Scholar, Teacher, Friend''. Cambridge, MA: Ty Aur Press, 2014. * Darviche, Mohammad-Saïd, and William Genieys (eds.), ''Multinational State Building. Considering and Continuing the Work of Juan Linz''. Montpellier: PÔLE SUD, 2008. * Linz, Juan J., "Between Nations and Disciplines: Personal Experience and Intellectual Understanding of Societies and Political Regimes," pp. 101-14, in Hans Daalder (ed.), ''Comparative European Politics. The Story of a Profession''. New York: Casell/Pinter, 1997. * Linz, Juan J., "Totalitarianism and Authoritarianism: My Recollections on the Development of Comparative Politics," pp. 141-57, in Alfons Söllner et al, ''Totalitarismus''. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997. * Linz, Juan J., ''Juan J. Linz. Obras Escogidas'', eds. José Ramón Montero and Thomas Jeffrey Miley. Madrid: CEPC, 2008-2013. 7 Vols. he collected works of Linz, in Spanish.** Volumen 1. ''Fascismo: Perspectivas históricas y comparadas''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2008. ** Volumen 2. ''Nacion, Estado y lengua''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2008. ** Volumen 3. ''Regímenes totalitarios y autoritarios''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2009. ** Volumen 4. ''Democracias: quiebras, transiciones y retos''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2009. ** Volumen 5. ''Economía y empresarios en España''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2013. ** Volumen 6. ''Partidos y élites políticas en España''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2013. ** Volumen 7. ''Historia y sociedad en España''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2013. * Mainwaring, Scott, "Juan Linz and the Study of Latin American Politics," pp. 1-26, in Scott Mainwaring and Arturo Valenzuel (eds.), ''Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America''. Boulder: Westview Press, 1998. * Marcet, Joan, and José Ramón Montero (eds.), ''Roads to democracy: A tribute to Juan J. Linz''. Barcelona, Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials, 2007. * Munck, Gerardo L. and Richard Snyder, "Juan J. Linz: Political Regimes and the Quest for Knowledge," pp. 150-209, in Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, ''Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics''. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. nterview with Juan Linz* Snyder, Richard, "Juan J. Linz: Regímenes Políticos, Democracia y la Búsqueda del Conocimiento," p. 549-603, in José Ramón Montero and Thomas Jeffrey Miley (eds.), ''Juan J. Linz: Obras Escogidas'', Vol. 7, ''Historia y sociedad en España''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2013. * Snyder, Richard, "Retour sur les travaux de Juan Linz et leur reception. Extrait de l'entretien avec Juan J. Linz," ''Revue Internationale de Politique Comparée'' (France) 13(1)(2006): 129-41.


See also

* * * * * *


References


External links


"Juan Linz Online Archive of the Spanish Transition"
retrieved January 21, 2007
Juan J. Linz Papers
at the Columbia University Rare Book and Manuscript Library, New York, NY {{DEFAULTSORT:Linz, Juan Jose 1926 births 2013 deaths Spanish political scientists Spanish sociologists Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellows of the British Academy Members of Academia Europaea Yale University faculty Columbia University faculty Spanish emigrants to the United States Yale Sterling Professors Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni