José María Díaz

José María Díaz de la Torre (July 1813 – 13 November 1888) was a Spanish romanticist journalist, playwright, poet, and politician. His classic works are ''Julio César'' (1841), '' Lucio Junio Bruto'' (1844), ''Catilina'' (1856), and ''La muerte de César'' (1883). He also wrote under the pseudonym Domingo de Argote. He was also involved in the .

Biography

In July 1813, Díaz was born in Caracas, Captaincy General of Venezuela to Caracan doctor and journalist and a Spanish mother. During his formative years he experienced the upheaval caused by the Spanish and Bolivarian forces in the Venezuelan War of Independence. In the summer of 1821, his family, due to his father's royalism, fled Caracas for Madrid, Spain, arriving in fall. In 1828, he joined the Real Colegio de Santo Tomás, studying philosophy and quickly began writing under his father's vocation. In 1830, he became acquainted with the artistic scene and the romanticists of . Mariano Roca de Togores, 1st Marquess of Molins recalled that when convening at he was jokingly given by some the "antonomastic dictation of The Poet". By 15 May 1832, he may had been connected to Patricio de la Escosura. In 1835, he published some poems in newspapers and was involved in events with Mariano José de Larra, , Manuel Bretón de los Herreros, and José de Espronceda; in 1835, he gained traction in the Madrid literary scene with his premiere dramas ''Elvira de Albornoz'' and ''Felipe II'' at the Teatro del Príncipe. On 17 February 1837, at Larra's funeral, he was among the speakers prior to José Zorrilla's famous speech. The following year Díaz published ''Un poeta y una mujer'', a retelling of Larra's love and suicide.

He started his journalist career with the theatrical newspaper ''El Entreacto'', and two years later, in ''Revista de Teatros'', of which he became director. By 1840 he was friends with José de Salamanca and in 1843, was allowed to direct Salamanca's leased . The same year, Salamanca supported the foundation of Sociedad de Escritores Dramáticos, which Díaz was secretary of; its founding members included Díaz, Zorrilla, Bretón, Antonio Gil y Zárate, Juan Eugenio Hartzenbusch, , Antonio García Gutiérrez, Leopoldo Augusto de Cueto, , , and . By the end of the 1840s, Díaz was at the height of his playwright career. He helped Zorilla conclude '' Traidor, inconfeso y mártir'', colloborated on a in ', and edited ''El Entreacto'', directed ''Revista de Teatros'', and colloborated in ''La Ortiga'', possibly among others. He voiced his criticism in ''La Ortega'' and in 1849, particularly against Vega's commissionership at the Comisario Regio del Teatro Español.

In January 1851, he was made member of the Junta Consultiva de Teatros del Reino, losing the position upon its abolition nine months later. In July 1855, out of concern, he offered the lease for the Teatro de la Cruz and Teatro del Príncipe to the ayuntamiento; he became director of Príncipe in autumn 1856, remaining an entrepreneur until the beginning of 1858. In this decade he advocated propagating original works in Spanish as opposed to translations, a sentiment held throughout his life. ''Catilina'' (1856) was inspired by her portrayal in ''Bellum Catilinae'' by Sallust. He published articles in ' and in 1860, became editor of 's progressive ', taking over the literary section in 1863. He voiced political concerns such as the "hypocrisy" of the Catholic Church. However, since 1850 his positions became increasingly radical, eventually too much so for ''El Clamor'' and joined '. His expression of such views in his work led to their occasional censorship for "immorality"; works such as ''Luz en la sombra'' ''Beltrán'', and ''Mártir siempre, nunca reos representation were banned by theater censor . The worst instance was Río's censorship of ''Virtud y libertinaje'' in 1863, which was overturned by a court formed by Hartzenbusch, García Gutiérrez, and Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, yet the Oviedo censor still restricted its representation, leading to intervention by the governor. In 1864, he was sentenced to nine years in prison for political articles published in that paper charged with lèse-majesté, quickly fleeing to Bayonne, Second French Empire, remaining there until the following year. As an influential member of the Progressive Party, he was secretary of the commission assigned to drafting the ''Manifiesto del Comité Central Progresista'', which was signed on 20 November 1865.

In 1868, during the Sexenio Democrático, he was appointed by Captain General of Cuba Domingo Dulce as secretary of the Superior Government of Cuba, departing in November. He was dismissed upon the succession of Antonio Caballero y Fernández de Rodas in 1869, returning to Spain with Dulce and his cabinet. In August 1870, he was appointed civil governor of the Province of Manila. He was shortly after awarded the title Knight of the Order of Isabella the Catholic. In 1875, he was in Madrid again working with theater. In 1882, he was appointed councilor of the Litigation in the Council of Administration of Cuba. On 13 November 1888, he died in Havana

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