Joint All Domain Command And Control

Joint All-Domain Command and Control or JADC2 is the concept that the Department of Defense has developed to connect sensors from all branches of the armed forces into a § unified network powered by artificial intelligence.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army's Global Network
/ref> These branches include the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy, as well as Space Force.

Each military branch has its initiative that contributes to JADC2; the Army has ''Project Convergence'', the Navy has ''Project Overmatch'', and the Air Force has the ''Advanced Battle Management System'',Jaspreet Gill
(17 Jan 2023) F-22 to be left out of Air Force’s ABMS data transfer prototype: GAO
AF RCO capability release 1 for ABMS
*Colin Demares
(18 Jan 2023) F-22 cut from US Air Force data-sharing prototype
along with A-10s, KC-135s also known as ''ABMS''. The Space Force has the Space Development Agency's ''National Defense Space Architecture'' ( NDSA).(2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)
About UsStew Magnuson (19 September 2019) Tim Ryan Mitchell Institutebr>(11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space
Ground Moving Target Identification (GMTI) and Air Moving Target Identification (AMTI) ''See § Outernet''

One primary application of JADC2 is a request— a call for fire (CFF). Combined JADC2 is almost ready for deployment pending Congressional approval of FY2024 funding.Sydney J. Freedberg, Jr
(21 Feb 2024) First version of all-service battle network is 'real and ready now': Hicks
/ref>Demarest, Coli
(22 Feb 2024) Pentagon's CJADC2 milestone is signal to China, officials say
/ref>

Experimentation

The DoD has held at least two critical JADC2 exercises. The first one, in Florida in December 2019, centered on a simulated threat posed by cruise missiles. This was the very first demonstration of ABMS, which took place during the exercise. Air Force and Navy aircraft (including F-22 and F-35 fighter jets), a Navy destroyer, an Army Sentinel radar system, a mobile artillery system, as well as commercial space and ground sensors, demonstrated their ability to collect, analyze, and share data in real-time to provide a more comprehensive picture of the operating environment. ''For more information, see JADC2 at the Army's Project Convergence experiments''

In July 2020, the Department of Defense carried out a second test of the JADC2 system. In the course of this exercise, planes from the Air Force communicated with naval vessels that were stationed in the Black Sea. Additionally, special operations personnel from eight other NATO nations and a simulated environment collaborated to deter a possible attack from Russia.

In November 2022, ABMS experiments showed how JADC2 is really § combined arms. —Brig. Gen. Jeffery Valenzia (USAF CFT lead for JADC2) Colin Demares
(17 Nov 2022) How the Pentagon knows when JADC2 innovations are working
by introducing benchmarks: "The benchmarks include data on how technologies speed or slow decision making, how many errors are introduced, the variance among available options and potential weak spots or pitfalls" —Jeffery Valenzia.Michael Marro
(11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general
Cropsey on C3BM

Infrastructure

In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —JEDI) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion. Competitive bidding was held, and an award was made but was protested by a competitor. In 2021, the award was canceled;Andrew Eversde
(6 Jul 2021) Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract delayed by Microsoft, Amazon feud
/ref> in its place, multiple vendors for an interoperable, compatible network capability with multiple awards were envisioned, by 2022. This capability (Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability —JWCC) is to be for $9 billion spread among vendors and is meant to be awarded by mid-December 2022.Colin Demares
(7 Nov 2022) Pentagon closing in on $9B cloud contract award after scuttling JEDI
/ref> Pentagon network officials began to envision JWCC as a necessary layer for JADC2. In early December 2022 JWCC was awarded to Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.Jaspreet Gil
(7 Dec 2022) Pentagon awards Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle $9B cloud contract
"JWCC is a multi-vendor, multi-cloud follow up to the infamous single-source Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract, which was worth up to $10 billion and canceled in 2021".Colin Demares
(7 Dec 2022) Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle picked for $9B JEDI successor
/ref>Colin Demarest
(24 Aug 2022) Army IT leader pledges quicker cloud uptake in 'year of action'
Lt. Gen. John Morrison, deputy chief of staff, G-6. "The Army requested $16.6 billion in cyber and IT funding for fiscal 2023, which starts Oct. 1, or more than 9% of the service’s $178 billion budget blueprint"——Raj Iyer Army CIO

DISA (Defense Information Systems Agency) was embarking on upgrading its JWICS (Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System), which is top-secret; DISA was using the same vendors as for JWCC, but also including IBM. Combining the JWICS with JWCC, economies of scale allowed a cooperative project of DISA's JWICS with DoD's JWCC.Courtney Albo
(27 Dec 2022) Pentagon, intelligence community eye cloud collaboration
/ref> A Top Secret capability is being sought.Jaspreet Gi
(14 Mar 2023) JWCC secret-level offerings coming in a few weeks: Official
JWICS follow-on: "departments are layering on DevSecOps and tactical edge capabilities"Colin Demares
(8 Dec 2022) Pentagon wants competition within $9B Joint Warfighting Cloud contract
to bridge Classification levels

JADC2 Services

Decision superiority is an objective of CDAO.Colin Demares
(26 Oct 2022) Pentagon setting up office to speed JADC2 integration across military
/ref>David Deptulabr>(9 Dec 2022) MAKING JOINT ALL DEMAND COMMAND AND CONTROL A REALITY
/ref>
By FY2023, other Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) services will be available in JADC2.Jaspreet Gil
(7 Nov 2022) Pentagon to award $9B JWCC cloud contract mid-December
DISA: by FY2023 Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) — °situational awareness ; °decision support ; °command and control ; and °training support
Raytheon BBN demonstrated its Robust Information Provisioning Layer (RIPL)Zamone Perez and Colin Demares
(18 Nov 2022) Raytheon tests information-sharing technology with JADC2 in mind
/ref> which connects legacy links to ABMS.

A theater-level simulation tool will share data under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), in order to visualize JADC2 scenarios.David Roz
(1 Sep 2023) Can This New Simulator Be a Proving Ground for JADC2?
Raytheon RTX Rapid Campaign Analysis and Demonstration Environment (RCADE)

The US Army's Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) will support JADC2 as a future capability. Integrated Tactical Network (ITN) Capability Set '25 will implement JADC2,Andrew Eversde
(9 Jun 2021) Army says 2025 tactical network will make JADC2 a reality
/ref>Spc. Richard Carlis
(8 Feb 2023) All-domain communications focus of AFCEA symposium
on Indo-Pacific command according to the acting head of the Network CFT.

The Air Force's Common Tactical Edge Network joins 9 contractors, exploiting AI.Patrick Tucke
(12 Swc 2022) The Physical Obstacles to the Pentagon’s Connect-Everything Vision
/ref> Collins Aerospace demonstrated Combined JADC2 (CJADC2) in July 2022.Breaking Defens
(8 Dec 2022) Today's defense environment demands integrated systems, and JADC2 is no different
"The key is creating intelligent gateways that connect networks and the cloud across security domains and translate data so the joint services can speak the same language".Barry Rosenber
(30 Aug 2023) No service can fight on its own: JADC2 demands move from self-sufficiency to interdependency
/ref>

The Navy's Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) environment is a training environment for naval operations, so that Navy, Air Force, and Army can train together in a unified way.Breaking Defens
(8 Mar 2023) What DoD needs to make JADC2 a reality is Live, Virtual, and Constructive
/ref>Colin Demares
(31 Aug 2023) Why 'JADC2' needs yet another 'C', according to Pentagon officials
CJADC2
:In Large Scale Exercise 2023 from August 9 to August 18, the Navy will test the response of over 50 Navy commands spread over 22 time zones, using retired Navy admirals to simulate members of the Joint Staff, civilian leaders, and non-Navy personnel.Justin Kat
(24 Jul 2023) Coping with 'tension': Navy's global exercise to pit commanders with joint force pressures
/ref>Justin Kat
(28 Aug 2023) Inside the Navy's largest exercise: In command and under pressure
Aug 9-18 2023: Large Scale Exercise 2023
:For example, aboard aircraft carrier USS Eisenhower (CVN-69), inside the Combat information center (CIC), the ship's watchstanding crew can train to the events presented to them on the screens of the CIC,Justin Katz
(31 Aug 2023) Aboard the Ike as it 'teleports' to the Mediterranean for the Navy's massive exercise
"It's probably one of the most dynamic and most tressfulsituations that we put our watchstanders through and our aircrew through", Rear Adm. Marc Miguez said of using LVC technology. irrespective of the physical position of USS Eisenhower during Large Scale Exercise 2023. The Navy's Project Overmatch is now installed on three carrier strike groups for § Project Convergence Capstone 4, or PCC4 (2024).Colin Demares
(6 Mar 2024) Overmatch networking now installed on 3 carrier strike groups
/ref>

''The following material is split from Army Futures Command''

;Multi-Domain Operations (MDO); Joint warfighting concept (JADC2)

* Multi-Domain Operations (MDO):Anthony Small Todd Sout
(13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-domain ops
"400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-domain operations.Gen. David G. Perkins, U.S. Arm
(Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War
/ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here's A $24 Billion Fix
Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerabilityMatthew Co

/ref>Army Futures Comman
(28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control
AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development Multi-domain battalions, first stood up in 2019,Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacda
(6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense

*Jason Cutsha
(SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-domain operations
*Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit
an MDO BN for Targeting, I CorpsUS Arm
(4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific
/ref> comprise a single unit for air, land,Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC
(8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium
Integrated fires across domains space,Stephen Clar
(8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military's secure communications satellite network
Air Force's fifth AEHF (Advanced Extremely High Frequency) communications satelliteOffice of the Chief of Public Affair
(10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities
*Loren Thompso
(30 Jul 2019) Defense Against Hypersonic Attack Is Becoming The Biggest Military Challenge Of The Trump Era
/ref>John L. Dolan, Richard K. Gallagher & David L. Man

Hypersonic and Ballistic Tracking Space Sensor (HBTSS)
*Kris Osbor
(16 December 2019) Pentagon Advances New Technology to Destroy Hypersonic Missile Attacks
HBTSS will "establish a continuous 'track' on approaching hypersonic missiles"
*Melanie Marlow
(8 April 2020) Three obstacles are slowing space sensors for hypersonic threats
Continuous tracking is needed to maintain custody of a hypersonic threat before its disposition.
*David Brenna
(27 Jan 2021) Pentagon Orders Hypersonic Missile Trackers Amid Russia, China Arms Race
HBTSS awards to L3Harris; Northrop GrummanPaul McLear
(18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles
MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors—and cyberKathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affair
(26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization
Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.milMezher, Chyrine domains.Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops
3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
*Theresa Hitchen
(12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads
In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs. A hypersonic-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,Sean Kimmons, Army News Service Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body
"The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body
"The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO possibly denoted a ''strategic fires'' battalionJen Judso
(14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle
2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed), depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises.TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028
"describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future.
Link moved here
/ref>Claire Heininge
(9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-domain battle
/ref>Mark Pomerlea
(11 April 2018) In the move to multi-domain operations, what gets lost?
The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs Using massive simulationDan Gour�

Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability the need for a §new kind of command and control (now denoted ''JADC2'') to integrate this firepower was explored.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit
prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
*Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCT
(30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts
/ref>
**The ability to punch through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.Kerensa Cru

StandoffYasmin Tadjde
(10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating Enemies’ Standoff Capabilities
Summary of standoffArmy.mil For example, the combination of F-35-based targeting coordinates, Long range precision fires, and Low-earth-orbit satelliteTheresa Hitchen
(2 December 2019) Hey SDA, AFRL Boosts Space-Based Internet Tests
/ref> capability overmatches the competition, according to Lt. Gen. Wesley.Joseph Lacdan, Army News Servic
(21 October 2019) AFC deputy: Combined capabilities make military might more lethal
/ref>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr.
(November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI
Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide fro
TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)

*In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a specific scenario, which can be illustrated by the five red numbered bullet points from the slide in TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1:

# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
# Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
# Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to defeat in detail, until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to Perkins' cycle, 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.) Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.
**For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an anti-access/area denial (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete
/ref> by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation, an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to defeat in detail. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
**In August–September 2020. at Yuma Proving Ground, the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge multiple-domain capabilities. The exercise prototyped a ground tactical Network, pushing it to its limits of robustness (as of 2020, 36 miles on the ground, and demonstrated 1500-mile capability above the ground, with kill chains measured in seconds) in the effort to penetrate anti-access/area denial (A2AD) with long-range fires. Longer-range fires are under development, ranging from hundreds of miles to over 1,000 miles, with yearly iterations of Project Convergence being planned.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(25 Sep 2020) Longer-Range Missiles & More AI: Project Convergence 2021
PrSM, AFATDS to F-35
*** MDO (''multi-domain operations'') and JADC2 (''joint all-domain command and control'') thus entails:
***# Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
***# Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long-range fires
***# Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.Patrick Tucke
(24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment
Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.
*** Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown. In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).
**** The ability of the joint services to send data from machine to machine was exercised in front of several of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 2021; this is a prerequisite capability for Convergence of MDO and JADC2.Sydney J. Freedberg Jr
(20 Apr 2021) New Army Lab Tests Joint Tech: Project Convergence
Joint Systems Integration Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving GroundJoseph Lacda
(17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch
JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army - Air Force - NavyColin Demarest
(23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air Force’s $950 million JADC2 contract
/ref>
* In July 2022 the 7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush called for the formation of a large office on the scale of the Joint Counter-small UAS office, but for JADC2.Jaspreet Gil
(11 Jul 2022) Army acquisition exec pushes for joint JADC2 office, large-scale exercise
/ref> This would coordinate,Colin Demares
(11 Jul 2022) Pentagon’s secret JADC2 plan 'evolving', official says, as lawmakers seek audit
"The oversight will inform future support and is not meant to be punitive". and eventually reconcile requirements for JADC2 for Army’s Project Convergence, the Navy’s Project Overmatch and the Air Force’s Advanced Battle Management System.Valerie Insinn
(17 Jul 2022) Air Force’s sixth-gen fighter downselect ‘not all that far away,’ says Kendall
Air Force's Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) will have a private company as prime contractor, but the US government will probably be the prime contractor for integrating efforts involving collaborative combat aircraft (drones), NGAD, and AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile. —USAF Secretary Frank KendallTravis Sharp, CSBA
(20 Oct 2022) JADC2 spending is sprawling. DoD should keep watch, but Let It Go.
Planning, Programming, Budgeting & Execution Process (PPBE) ~ $2.2 billion to $2.6 billion in FY2023 for 30 initiatives in JADC2.Colin Demarest
(21 Oct 2022) Project Convergence shows JADC2 alignment, leaders from 3 services say
Interoperations "show the services are aligned and not disjointed". ''See CDAO''

In April 2023 Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 ( JWC 3.0) was previewed.Laura Heckman
(5 Apr 2023) SEA-AIR-SPACE NEWS: Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 'Definitely Coming', Official Says
Heidi Shyu JWC 2.0 involved '°fires, °information, °logistics, and °command and control'. Released 27 August 2023, JWC 3.0 additionally involves °the ability to win in contested logistics,°information advantage, and °expanded maneuver. —ADM Christopher Grady.Jon Harpe
(13 Sep 2023) US military publishes new joint warfighting doctrine
Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 was released 27 Aug 2023 as Joint Publication 1, Volume 1 —Joint Warfighting. An evolving Capability. Employment of crewed-uncrewed teaming to 'sense and make sense' of the situation, and to make that information rapidly available to the commanders will be an essential part of the Capability. Future Force Design is underway.Ashley Rocqu
(14 Sep 2023) 'Good, healthy debate': Eyeing the Indo-Pacific, Army leaders grapple with force structure shake up
James Rainey

On 19 September 2023 Army Contracting Command-Aberdeen Proving Ground awarded Leidos a contract to provide an electronic platform: equipment and services in support of JADC2.Jaspreet Gil
(19 Sep 2023) Leidos nabs $7.9B Army tactical IT hardware contract to support JADC2 aims
Leidos Intelligent Logistics Platform

In February 2024 the Air Force's Brig. Gen. Luke Cropsey warned that phase two of Combined JADC2, which was supposed to go forward in 2024Michael Marro
(15 Feb 2024) MADC2: Air Force CJADC2 plans 'completely hamstrung' by budget impasse, general says
Luke Cropsey: "Not having a budget is quite frankly, it's killing me, because my budget was supposed to double this year" is not starting because Continuing Resolutions (CRs) do not fund new program spending —full Congressional budget approval for FY2024 is required for Combined JADC2 to go forward in 2024. ''From: Transformation of the United States Army#cjadc2MeetIn60days''

Outernet

JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. Chance Saltzman, US Space ForceTheresa Hitchen
(29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking
/ref> Theresa Hitchen
(26 Apr 2023) Space Force wraps initial plan for building 'hybrid' commercial/military 'outernet'
Courtney Albo
(26 Apr 2023) The US is rethinking national security space architecture. Is it moving fast enough?
38:21 video. Col. Eric Felt; Mr. Nicholas EftimiadesCourtney Albo
(26 Apr 2023) Space Force eyes 'outernet' for better data flow in orbit
Space Warfighting Analysis Center (SWAC) has analyzed Transport layer needs: Col. Felt. Use mesh networking, use commercial vendors By year-end 2025 there will be 126 Link-16 satellites operating in orbit, transmitting data in a world-wide mesh network.Theresa Hitchen
(18 Mar 2024) SDA’s data relay, missile tracking networks to be operational by end of 2025: Tournear
/ref>

Notes and References

See also

* C4I
* Defense Technical Information Center

{{Congressional Research Service, article = Joint All-Domain Command and Control: Background and Issues for Congress , url = https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46725/2, author = John R. Hoehn, accessdate=2022-07-06

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