Civil War years
In late 1861, U.S. officials selected Johnson's Island as the site for a prison camp to hold up to 2,500 captured Confederate officers. The island offered easy access by ship for supplies to construct and maintain a prison and its population. Sandusky Bay offered more protection from the elements than other nearby islands, which were also closer to Canada in case of a prison break. Woods of hickory and oak trees could provide lumber and fuel. The U.S. government leased half the island from private owner Leonard B. Johnson for $500 a year and carefully controlled access to the island for the duration of the war. The prison opened in April 1862. A wooden stockade surrounded 12 two-story prisoner housing barracks, a hospital, latrines, sutler's stand, three wells, a pest house, and two large mess halls (added in August 1864). More than 40 buildings stood outside the prison walls, including barns, stables, a limekiln, forts, barracks for officers, and a powder magazine. They were used by the 128th Ohio Infantry Regiment, which guarded the prison. The island housed officers, some of whom received money from home to purchase goods offered at the sutler's store, run by those who followed the army and sold supplies to the soldiers. The prisoners had a lively community, with amateur theatrical performances, publishing, and crafts projects available. After the unraveling of a Confederate espionage ring that had conspired to seize the Great Lakes warship USS ''Post Civil War
After the war, the prison camp was abandoned. Most of the buildings were auctioned off by the United States Army, and some were razed after falling into disrepair. The last antebellum house burned down in 1901. Circa 1894, a summer resort was established at the eastern end of the island, but its pavilion burned in 1897, and although the pavilion was later rebuilt, the resort failed. The land was used for farming and rock quarrying. Subsequently, many lakeside homes were built, and the island was developed with two subdivisions. As a result of this development, most of the Civil War-related sites have been razed. On June 8, 1910, Moses Ezekiel's statue ''Southern'' (or ''the Lookout''), a monument to the Confederate prisoners-of-war on the island, was unveiled. In 1990, Johnson's Island was designated a National Historic Landmark. A causeway was built to connect it with the mainland. The Confederate cemetery and Fort Hill are accessible to the public. Ground-penetratingNotable inmates
Several well-known Confederates were imprisoned on Johnson's Island. * Isaac R. Trimble (1802–1888), Confederate major general. * James J. Archer (1817–1864), Confederate brigadier general. * William Beall (1825–1883), Confederate brigadier general. * Thomas Benton Smith (1838–1923), Confederate brigadier general. * Edward "Allegheny" Johnson (1816–1873), Confederate major general. * M. Jeff Thompson (1826–1876), Missouri State Guard brigadier general. * John S. Marmaduke (1833–1887), Confederate major general. * William Lewis Cabell (1827–1911), Confederate brigadier general. * Christopher Columbus Nash (1838–1922), Confederate soldier, guerilla militant. * John Marshall Stone (1830–1900), Confederate colonel. * James Steptoe Johnston (1843–1924), Confederate lieutenant. * William Tennent Stockton (1812-1869), Confederate colonel, 1st Florida Cavalry Regiment.See also
* American Civil War prison camps * Prisoner of war mail * Davids Island (New York) * Camp Chase, Columbus OhioReferences
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