John Maitland, Duke Of Lauderdale

John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale, KG, PC (24 May 1616 – 24 August 1682) was a Scottish statesman and peer.

Background

Maitland was a member of an ancient family of both Berwickshire and East Lothian, the eldest surviving son of John Maitland, 2nd Lord Maitland of Thirlestane (d. 1645), (who had been created Viscount of Lauderdale in 1616, and Earl of Lauderdale etc., in 1624), and of Isabel Seton (1594–1638), daughter of Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline and great-grandson of Sir Richard Maitland of Lethington, the poet.

Covenanter

Maitland began public life as a zealous adherent of the Presbyterian cause, took the Covenanter, Covenant, sat as an Elder (religious), elder in the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Andrews in July 1643, and was sent to the Kingdom of England as a Commissioner for Solemn League and Covenant, the Covenant in August, and to attend the Westminster Assembly in November.

Privy Councillor in two kingdoms

In February 1644 he was a member of the Privy Council of England and the Privy Council of Scotland, and on 20 November was one of the Commissioners appointed to meet the king at Treaty of Uxbridge, Uxbridge, when he made efforts to persuade Charles I of England, King Charles I to agree to the establishment of Presbyterianism. In 1645 he advised Charles to reject the proposals of Independent (religion), Independents, and in 1647 he was in London when the Scottish Estates in Edinburgh ordered the king's Surrender (military), surrender to the Scotland, Scots.

Second English Civil War and the Worcester Campaign

Once Charles surrendered to the Scots, Lauderdale veered round completely to the king's cause, had several interviews with him, and engaged in various projects for his Restoration (England), restoration, offering the aid of the Scots, on the condition of Charles's consent to the establishment of Presbyterianism, and on 26 December he obtained from Charles at Carisbrooke Castle "The Engagement (1647), The Engagement" by which Presbyterianism was to be established for three years, Schismatic (religion), schismatics were to be suppressed, and the act of the Parliament of Scotland, acts of the Parliament of Scotland ratified, the king in addition promising to admit the Scottish nobles into public employment in England and to reside frequently in Scotland.

Returning to Scotland, in the spring of 1648, Lauderdale joined the party of James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Hamilton in alliance with the English royalists. Their defeat at the Battle of Preston (1648), Battle of Preston, postponed the arrival of the Charles II of Scotland, Charles, Prince of Wales, but Lauderdale had an interview with the prince in The Downs (ship anchorage), the Downs in August, and from this period obtained supreme influence over the future king. He persuaded Prince Charles later to accept the invitation to Scotland from Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, Archibald Campbell, Marquess of Argyll's faction, accompanied him thither in 1650 and in the expedition into England, and was captured following the Battle of Worcester in 1651. He escaped from the city in the company of the James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, Earl of Derby and George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Duke of Buckingham, but they were taken prisoner near Newport, Shropshire, Newport in Shropshire.

Interregnum

Lauderdale remained in confinement from his capture at Worcester until March 1660. He was exempted from Cromwell's Act of Grace under which his estates were confiscated by Oliver Cromwell the Lord Protector (Cromwell), Lord Protector. This was fortunate for him, because confiscated estates were restored to their owners, while land sales to pay fines were not reversed at the Restoration.

Restoration

Just before the restoration, he joined Charles II of England, Charles II in May 1660 at Breda (Netherlands), Breda, the Netherlands, and in spite of the opposition of Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon and George Monck, was appointed Secretary of State, Scotland, Secretary of State for Scotland.

King's councillor

From this time onwards he kept his hold upon the king, was lodged at Whitehall, was "never from the king's ear nor council", cites: Samuel Pepys ''Diary'', 2 March 1664. and maintained his position against his numerous adversaries by a crafty dexterity in dealing with men, a fearless unscrupulousness, and a robust strength of will, which overcame all opposition. Though a man of considerable learning and intellectual attainment, he was authoritarian and determined to implement the King's instructions.

He abandoned Argyll to his fate, permitted, if he did not assist in, the restoration of episcopacy in Scotland, and after triumphing over all his opponents in Scotland drew into his own hands the whole administration of that kingdom, and proceeded to impose upon it the absolute supremacy of the crown in Kirk and state, restoring the nomination of the lords of the articles to the king and initiating severe measures against the Covenanters. In 1669 he was able to boast with truth that "the king is now master here in all causes and over all persons".

The Cabal Ministry

His own power was now at its height, and his position as the favourite of Charles II, controlled by no considerations of patriotism or politician, statesmanship, and completely independent of the English parliament, recalled the worst scandals and abuses of the House of Stuart, Stuart administration before the English Civil War.

He was a member of the Cabal Ministry, but took little part in English affairs, and being a Presbyterian was not entrusted with the first secret Treaty of Dover, but gave personal support to Charles in his degrading demands for pensions from Louis XIV of France, Louis XIV. On 2 May 1672 he was created Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March, and on 3 June Order of the Garter, Knight of the Garter.

In 1673, on the resignation of James II of England, James, Duke of York in consequence of the Test Act, he was appointed a List of Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty. In October he visited Scotland to suppress the Covenanters#Restoration and "The Killing Time", dissenters and obtain money for the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The intrigues organised by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, against his power in his absence, and the attacks made upon him in the Parliament of England, House of Commons in January 1674 and April 1675, were alike rendered futile by the steady support of Charles and James.

On 25 June 1674 he was created Earl of Guilford and Baron Petersham in the Peerage of England. His ferocious measures having failed to suppress the conventicles in Scotland, he summoned to his aid in 1677 a band of scottish highlands, Highlanders, who were sent into the western country. In consequence, a large party of Scottish nobles went to London, made common cause with the English Country Party (Britain), Country Faction, and compelled Charles to order the disbandment of the marauders. In May 1678 another demand made in the Commons for Lauderdale's removal was defeated due to court influence, by a margin of only a single vote.

He maintained his triumphs almost to the end. In Scotland, which he visited immediately after this victory in the Parliament of England, he overbore all opposition to the king's demands for money. Another address for his removal from the Commons in England was suppressed by the dissolution of parliament on 26 May 1679, and a renewed attack upon him, by the Scottish party and Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, Shaftesbury's faction combined, also failed. Later that summer on 22 June 1679 the last attempt of the Covenanters was suppressed at the Battle of Bothwell Brig.

Resignation

Following a stroke or heart attack early in 1680, his health and abilities failed leading Lauderdale to resign in October that year the place and power for which he had so long successfully struggled. His vote given for the execution of William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford, Lord Stafford on 29 November incurred the displeasure of the James II of England, Duke of York.

Personal life

Lauderdale's first marriage was to Anne Home, Countess of Lauderdale, Lady Anne Home, daughter of Alexander Home, 1st Earl of Home and Mary (Dudley) Sutton, by whom he had one daughter, Mary who married John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale.

In 1672, after his wife's death in Paris he married Elizabeth Maitland, Duchess of Lauderdale, Elizabeth, Countess of Dysart in her own right, daughter of William Murray, 1st Earl of Dysart, and now widow of Sir Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Baronet, Sir Lionel Tollemache. Among his stepchildren was General Thomas Tollemache. He left no male heir, consequently his dukedom and his Peerage of England, English titles became extinct, but he was succeeded in the earldom by his brother Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale.

See also

*William Maitland of Lethington

References

Sources

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Attribution
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Further reading

DNB - The chief authorities for Lauderdale's life are:
*Baillie's Letters and Journals;
*Burnet's Lives of the Dukes of Hamilton, and Hist. of his own Time;
*Mackenzie's Memoirs;
*Wodrow's Hist. of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland;
*the Hamilton Papers, published by the Camden Society;
*and especially the vast collection of the Lauderdale Papers in the manuscripts room at the British Museum, three volumes of selections from which have also been issued by the Camden Society

The EB article lists the following sources:
*''Lauderdale Papers Add. manuscripts in British Museum, Brit. Mus.'', 30 vols., a small selection of which, entitled ''The Lauderdale Papers'', were edited by Osmond Airy for the Camden Society in 1884–1885;
* ''Hamilton Papers'' published by the same society;
*"Lauderdale Correspondence with Archbishop James Sharp (bishop), Sharp," Scottish Hist. Soc. Publications, vol. 5 (1893);
*Burnet's ''Lives of the Hamiltons and History of his Own Time'';
*R Baillie's ''Letters'';
*Samuel Rawson Gardiner, SR Gardiner's ''Hist. of the Civil War and of the Commonwealth'';
*Clarendon's ''Hist. of the Rebellion'';
*The ''Quarterly Review'', civii. 407. Several speeches of Lauderdale are extant.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lauderdale, John Maitland, 1st Duke of
1616 births
1682 deaths
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